Fig. 1.

Insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway. The insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway consists of the core components IGF1R/IR/IRR, IRS, PI3K, AKT/SGK, FOXO and SIRT, and proteins that have a direct activating or inhibiting effect on these proteins. The small closed circles (containing Ac, P, or Ub) indicate an activating effect of the posttranslational modification on the protein, while the small dashed circles indicate an inhibiting effect. The straight arrows pointing to these small circles indicate an activating effect on the posttranslational modification, while the dashed arrows indicate an inhibiting effect. Ac acetylation, P phosphorylation, Ub ubiquitylation