Table 1.
Functioning at W3 Across Domains by W1 Diagnostic Status
| Comparison | Inattentive | Combined | ESb and post-hocc | Covariates | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable (DV) | N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | pa | 0–1 | 0–2 | 1–2 | pd |
| ADHD Symptoms (F8,310 = 15.89, p = .000) | |||||||||||
| P SNAP Inattention | 71 | 0.4 (0.5) | 35 | 1.6 (0.9) | 70 | 1.8 (0.8) | .000 | 1.27* | 1.46* | .19, ns | .000 |
| P SNAP HI | 71 | 0.1 (0.2) | 35 | 0.6 (0.6) | 70 | 1.0 (0.8) | .000 | .69* | 1.33* | .64* | .000 |
| Y SNAP Inattention | 83 | 0.6 (0.5) | 37 | 1.0 (0.7) | 77 | 1.1 (0.7) | .000 | .60* | .73* | .14, ns | .029 |
| Y SNAP HI | 83 | 0.4 (0.4) | 37 | 0.7 (0.5) | 77 | 0.9 (0.6) | .000 | .47* | .89* | .43, ns | .014 |
| Externalizing Symptoms (F8,324 = 10.25, p = .000) | |||||||||||
| DISC-IV CD/ODD (%) | 86 | 4.7% | 41 | 48.8% | 86 | 40.7% | .000 | 19.5* | 14.1* | .7, ns | .009 |
| ACBL Externalizing | 69 | 46.7 (9.0) | 36 | 56.8 (9.0) | 69 | 62.3 (10.9) | .000 | .84* | 1.30* | .46* | .000 |
| ASR Externalizing | 85 | 50.2 (10.2) | 40 | 56.8 (12.6) | 83 | 57.6 (12.5) | .000 | .54* | .61* | .07, ns | .042 |
| SRD Total | 86 | 1.8 (2.1) | 40 | 1.7 (1.8) | 85 | 1.8 (2.1) | .980 | .03, ns | .00, ns | .04, ns | N/A |
| Internalizing Symptoms (F10,322 = 4.85, p = .000) | |||||||||||
| DISC-IV Dep/Dys (%) | 86 | 7.0% | 41 | 19.5% | 85 | 21.2% | .024 | 3.2* | 3.6* | 1.1, ns | .858 |
| DISC-IV Anxiety (%) | 86 | 10.5% | 41 | 34.1% | 87 | 32.2% | .001 | 4.4* | 4.1* | .9, ns | .066 |
| ACBL Internalizing | 69 | 44.9 (10.8) | 36 | 55.2 (10.1) | 69 | 59.3 (13.1) | .000 | .77,* | 1.08,* | .31, ns | .113 |
| ASR Internalizing | 85 | 51.8 (11.7) | 40 | 54.7 (13.2) | 83 | 55.2 (13.0) | .189 | .23, ns | .27, ns | .04, ns | N/A |
| BDI Total | 85 | 8.2 (10.5) | 40 | 10.1 (10.6) | 83 | 11.6 (10.1) | .094 | .19, ns | .33, ns | .15, ns | N/A |
| Substance Use | |||||||||||
| SUQ Severity | 86 | −.05 (0.8) | 40 | .09 (1.0) | 84 | .01 (0.9) | .703 | .16, ns | .06, ns | .10, ns | N/A |
| Eating Disorder Symptoms (F8,384 = 0.90, p = .519) | |||||||||||
| EAT Total | 84 | 50.8 (17.4) | 39 | 49.8 (14.0) | 81 | 54.9 (18.4) | .199 | .06, ns | .23, ns | .30, ns | N/A |
| EDI Bulimia | 82 | 12.8 (5.4) | 40 | 12.7 (6.0) | 79 | 13.3 (5.4) | .828 | .02, ns | .08, ns | .10, ns | N/A |
| EDI Drive for thinness | 82 | 17.3 (8.1) | 40 | 15.7 (7.4) | 79 | 18.5 (8.3) | .195 | .19, ns | .16, ns | .35, ns | N/A |
| EDI Body dissatisfaction | 82 | 26.6 (9.9) | 40 | 26.5 (12.0) | 79 | 29.2 (10.3) | .223 | .01, ns | .25, ns | .26, ns | N/A |
| Global Impairment | |||||||||||
| CIS | 71 | 0.5 (0.5) | 36 | 1.3 (0.7) | 71 | 1.5 (0.9) | .000 | .98* | 1.14* | .16, ns | .033 |
| Academic Achievement (F6.404 = 9.38, p = .000) | |||||||||||
| WIAT Math | 84 | 105.9 (12.5) | 41 | 91.0 (15.8) | 87 | 91.3 (16.3) | .000 | .91* | .89* | .02, ns | .193 |
| WIAT Reading | 84 | 108.8 (8.5) | 41 | 97.2 (15.9) | 87 | 97.3 (14.7) | .000 | .83* | .83* | .00, ns | .012 |
| Years of education | 81 | 13.1 (1.6) | 42 | 12.7 (1.0) | 85 | 12.4 (1.5) | .004 | .30, ns | .53* | .23, ns | .135 |
| Well Being (F6,390 = 3.01, p = .007) | |||||||||||
| Harter Self-worth | 84 | 3.2 (0.7) | 38 | 3.0 (0.7) | 77 | 3.0 (0.7) | .076 | .27, ns | .35, ns | .07, ns | N/A |
| Harter Social | 84 | 3.3 (0.7) | 38 | 3.1 (0.6) | 77 | 3.1 (0.7) | .085 | .34, ns | .30, ns | .04, ns | N/A |
| Harter Scholastic | 84 | 3.1 (0.7) | 38 | 2.7 (0.7) | 77 | 2.7 (0.7) | .000 | .59* | .58* | .01, ns | .581 |
| Service Utilization (F8,398 = 12.65, p = .000) | |||||||||||
| Any school services (%) | 80 | 21.3% | 42 | 61.9% | 84 | 66.7% | .000 | 6.0* | 7.4* | 1.2, ns | .000 |
| Any mental health tx (%) | 80 | 51.3% | 42 | 71.4% | 87 | 73.6% | .006 | 2.4* | 2.6* | 1.1, ns | .072 |
| Any stimulant (%) | 81 | 1.2% | 41 | 43.9% | 86 | 58.1% | .000 | 62.6* | 111.1* | 1.8, ns | .000 |
| Any other med (%) | 81 | 18.5% | 41 | 17.1% | 86 | 32.6% | .053 | .9, ns | 2.1* | 2.3, ns | .168 |
| Self Harm (F4,384 = 5.51, p = .000) | |||||||||||
| Suicide attempts (%) | 84 | 6.0% | 39 | 7.7% | 85 | 22.4% | .004 | 1.3, ns | 4.5* | 3.5* | .020 |
| Self-injury (%) | 79 | 19.0% | 38 | 28.9% | 81 | 50.6% | .000 | 1.7, ns | 4.4* | 2.5* | .028 |
| Driving | |||||||||||
| Y-DBQ | 73 | 1.4 (1.1) | 29 | 1.6 (1.1) | 68 | 1.3 (1.0) | .593 | .12, ns | .10, ns | .22, ns | N/A |
Note. 0 = Comparison, 1=Inattentive, 2 = Combined. Y = young adult self-report; P = parent’s report on young adult. SNAP = Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham; DISC = Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV; ACBL = Adult Behavior Checklist; ASR = Adult Self-Report; SRD = Self-Report of Delinquency; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory-II; SUQ = Substance Use Questionnaire; EAT = Eating Attitudes Test; EDI = Eating Disorder Inventory-2; CIS = Columbia Impairment Scale; WIAT = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-II; SIQ = Self-Injury Questionnaire; Med hx = medication history; Other = non-stimulant psychotropic medication; DBQ = Driving Behavior Questionnaire; N/A = not applicable (i.e., no ANCOVA because of lack of significance of ANOVA).
Significance: One-way ANOVA for continuous variables; Pearson chi-square statistic for categorical variables.
Effect sizes: Cohen’s d for continuous variables and odds ratio for dichotomous variables.
Tukey’s test for each pairwise comparison;
= significant at the .05 level.
Covariates: W1 age, W1 maternal education, W1 family income, W1 child FSIQ, W1 comorbid ODD/CD (from P DISC), W1 comorbid anxiety or depression (from P DISC), W1 reading disorder, medication status (any stimulants or other psychotropic medication taken between W2 and W3). With medication status and non-school treatments as outcomes, we did not covary medication status. With W3 externalizing variables as outcomes, we did not covary comorbid ODD/CD. With W3 internalizing variables as outcomes, we did not covary comorbid depression/dysthymia or anxiety. With W3 achievement variables as outcomes, we did not covary W1 reading disorder.