Table 3.

Management of antiviral-resistant hepatitis B virus in updated guidelines

	AASLD 2009[27]	EASL 2012[101]
LAM-resistance	Add ADV or TDF	Switch to TDF or add ADV
	In patients with no prior exposure to other NA: Add LAM or ETV	In patients with no prior exposure to other NA: Switch to ETV or TDF
ADV-resistance	In patients with prior LAM resistance: Switch to TDF plus LAM or ETV	In patients with prior LAM resistance: Switch to TDF and another NA
ETV-resistance	Switch to TDF	Switch to or add TDF
TDF-resistance	--	In patients with no prior exposure to LAM: Switch to ETV
		In patients with prior LAM resistance: Add ETV

LAM: Lamivudine; LdT: Telbivudine; ETV: Entecavir; TDF: Tenofovir; ADV: Adefovir; NA: Nucleos(t)ide analogues.