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Gardenia jasminoides significantly reduced transforming growth factor-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and Smad2 protein expression in LX-2 cells. Cells were exposed to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (5 ng/mL) in combination with the indicated concentrations of Gardenia jasminoides or vehicle for 24 h. The expression of p-Smad2 and Smad2 in LX-2 cells was evaluated by Western blotting. bP < 0.01 vs sham; cP < 0.05, dP < 0.01 vs TGF-β1 + vehicle (n = 3).
