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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 14.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Feb 7;9(4):199–208. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.9

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The mTOR signaling pathway. Mutations in the gene that encodes PI3K are activating (*), whereas those in the genes that encode PTEN and TSC2 are inactivating (‡) in PanNETs. Rapalogs are first-generation inhibitors of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and include everolimus. Abbreviations: 4E-BP1, eIF4E-binding protein 1; AMPK, AMP-activated kinase; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; IGFR, insulin-like growth factor receptor; IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1; GβL, G protein β subunit-like; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted at chromosome 10; Raptor, regulatory associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homolog enriched in brain; Rictor, rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR; S6K1, p70 S6 kinase 1; Sin1, stress-activated protein kinase interaction protein 1; STK11, serine/threonine-protein kinase 11; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex.