Fig. 1.

Left ventricular (LV) remodeling and expression of hypertrophic signaling proteins. A: aortic banding generates cardiac hypertrophy, regardless of training status. Global myocardial hypertrophy, as indicated by increased postmortem heart (HW), LV + septum (LV+S), right ventricle (RV), and left + right atrial (Atria) weight, was present in all aortic banded groups. Con, control; HF, heart failure sedentary; HF-TR, heart failure exercise trained. *P < 0.05, Con vs. HF-TR and HF. B: expression of phosphorylated (p)-Akt-to-total Akt protein ratio is increased in the LV of both HF-TR and HF compared with Con animals. *P < 0.05, HF vs. Con. A less significant decrease in p-JNK/p-SAPK-to-total JNK/SAPK ratio was observed only in the HF group. †P = 0.075, HF vs. Con. Values are means ± SE. C: Western blots for all hypertrophic signaling proteins.