Table 1.
Selected clinical characteristics of the study population Seattle and Tacoma, Washington, USA 1996 - 2008
| GDM Cases | Controls | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N (%) | N (%) | P-value |
| Numbers | 173 (48.1) | 187 (51.9) | |
| Maternal Age (years)* | 34.15±4.56 | 32.95±4.32 | |
| <35 | 89 (51.4) | 117 (62.6) | |
| ≥35 | 84 (48.6) | 70 (37.4) | |
| 0.011 | |||
| Race, non-Hispanic White | 122 (70.9) | 161 (86.1) | <0.001 |
| Education ≤ high school | 8 (5.0) | 5 (2.9%) | 0.316 |
| Unmarried | 29 (16.8) | 27 (14.4) | 0.543 |
| Multiparous | 82 (47.4) | 82 (43.9) | 0.499 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)* | 26.62±6.50 | 23.38±5.11 | |
| <18.5 | 4 (2.3) | 9 (4.8) | |
| 18.8-24.9 | 84 (48.6) | 130 (69.5) | |
| 25.0-29.9 | 48 (27.7) | 39 (20.9) | |
| ≥30.0 | 37 (21.4) | 9 (4.8) | |
| <0.001 | |||
| Gestational age at blood collection | 15.52±2.82 | 15.65±2.94 | 0.67 |
| Exercise during pregnancy | 137 (79.2) | 158 (84.5) | 0.191 |
| Worked during pregnancy | 140 (81.9) | 152 (84.0) | 0.599 |
| History of chronic hypertension | 18 (10.4) | 7 (3.7) | 0.013 |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus | 53 (30.6) | 28(15.0) | <0.001 |
| Family history of hypertension | 99 (57.2) | 87 (46.5) | 0.042 |
| smoking during pregnancy | 13 (7.5) | 9 (4.8) | 0.346 |
| Serum Retinol Binding Protein 4 | |||
| μg/ml* | 47.13±30.02 | 41.14±21.29 | 0.029 |
*
Mean (SD) otherwise N (%)