Table 2.
Estimated Odd Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) From a Multinomial Logistic Regression of Thriving Versus Nonthriving, Having Been Institutionalized, or Dying, NPHS 1994–1995 to 2004–2005
| Baseline Characteristics* | Thrivers vs Nonthrivers OR (95% CI) | Thrivers vs Institutionalized OR (95% CI) | Thrivers vs Deceased OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age in years | 0.92 (0.87–0.97)† | 0.74 (0.69–0.79)‡ | 0.80 (0.75–0.85)‡ |
| Female | 0.95 (0.57–1.61) | 0.82 (0.39–1.75) | 2.04 (1.10–3.79)§ |
| Not married | 0.56 (0.32–0.98)§ | 0.50 (0.25–1.00) | 0.74 (0.40–1.35) |
| ≥ High school | 1.31 (0.76–2.26) | 1.37 (0.71–2.66) | 1.70 (0.95–3.06) |
| Household income | |||
| <$15,000 (reference category) | |||
| $15,000–$29,999 | 1.41 (0.68–2.90) | 1.90 (0.76–4.78) | 1.36 (0.60–3.05) |
| >$29,999 | 2.17 (1.01–4.67)§ | 2.86 (1.08–7.69)§ | 1.58 (0.66–3.75) |
| Psychosocial factors | |||
| Perceived social support | 0.99 (0.71–1.38) | 1.10 (0.76–1.59) | 0.93 (0.64–1.36) |
| Social involvement. | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) |
| Sense of coherence | 1.04 (1.01–1.07)§ | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) |
| Mastery | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) |
| Self-esteem | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) |
| Psychological distress (K6) | 0.87 (0.77–0.97)§ | 0.78 (0.67–0.91)† | 0.81 (0.72–0.91)‡ |
| Behavioral factors | |||
| Never smoked | 1.89 (1.10–3.23)§ | 3.03 (1.49–6.25)† | 4.35 (2.44–7.69)‡ |
| Moderate alcohol use | 1.78 (1.07–2.95)§ | 2.87 (1.30–6.34)† | 2.22 (1.25–3.95)† |
| Physically active | 1.08 (0.62–1.88) | 1.46 (0.77–2.78) | 1.30 (0.72–2.32) |
| Normal weight (BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 1.15 (0.67–1.97) | 1.07 (0.56–2.06) | 0.89 (0.49–1.61) |
| Health status | |||
| Absence of life-threatening illness | 1.59 (0.88–2.88) | 2.46 (1.21–4.99)§ | 1.89 (0.97–3.69) |
| Absence of chronic illness | 2.24 (1.31–3.81)† | 2.09 (1.03–4.22)§ | 1.74 (0.95–3.16) |
| Functional limitations | 0.50 (0.24–1.07) | 0.46 (0.21–1.00) | 0.40 (0.19–0.86)§ |
| Self-rated health | 1.53 (1.12–2.10)† | 1.65 (1.14–2.39)† | 1.76 (1.24–2.50)† |
| Number of medications used | 1.07 (0.87–1.33) | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) |
Notes: All variables were entered simultaneously into the multinomial logistic model. Model fit statistic: Wald F(63) = 4.63, p < .001. ORs > 1 denote benefit for categorical variables and risk for continuous variables.
*
All variables were measured at cycle 1 (1994–1995).
†
p < .01.
‡
p < .001.
§
p < .05.
NPHS = Canadian National Population Health Survey; K6 = Kessler 6-item nonspecific psychological distress scale; BMI = body mass index.