Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of the country-level variables
| N | Mean parent–child time (SD) | Public spending on families (% of GDP) | Childcare coveragea | Conservatism of child-related normb (%) | Percentage of workforce in part-time employment | Earningsc | Estimated slope of work hours (SD)d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 171 | 4.95 (3.77) | 2.88 | 4.00 | 62.96 | 19.70 | 8.13 | −0.24 (.013) |
| Belgium | 303 | 2.79 (1.32) | 3.12 | 42.50 | 44.48 | 21.50 | 9.05 | −0.20 (.012) |
| Czech Republic | 169 | 3.98 (3.65) | 2.19 | 20.00 | 43.30 | 4.80 | 3.33 | −0.20 (.014) |
| Denmark | 273 | 4.77 (3.38) | 3.20 | 73.00 | 25.81 | 22.10 | 10.67 | −0.23 (.014) |
| Estonia | 155 | 3.34 (2.15) | 1.50 | 45.00 | 58.15 | 7.70 | 1.46 | −0.21 (.018) |
| Finland | 240 | 3.27 (2.87) | 2.97 | 38.50 | 29.94 | 14.40 | 8.40 | −0.22 (.015) |
| France | 265 | 3.85 (2.75) | 3.78 | 29.50 | 50.20 | 16.90 | 8.17 | −0.22 (.014) |
| Germany | 116 | 3.97 (2.29) | 3.04 | 17.00 | 48.47 | 22.30 | 7.68 | −0.23 (.015) |
| Greece | 268 | 3.08 (2.13) | 1.09 | 14.00 | 61.73 | 4.60 | 4.57 | −0.21 (.011) |
| Hungary | 303 | 3.68 (2.34) | 3.11 | 32.00 | 55.85 | 4.70 | 2.13 | −0.20 (.013) |
| Ireland | 235 | 4.07 (3.16) | 2.58 | 9.00 | 34.32 | 16.70 | 6.70 | −0.24 (.011) |
| Italy | 170 | 4.76 (2.94) | 1.31 | 41.00 | 68.26 | 12.80 | 8.23 | −0.25 (.014) |
| Latvia | 251 | 3.05 (1.96) | 1.30 | 29.50 | 71.95 | 11.10 | 1.17 | −0.20 (.012) |
| Lithuania | 172 | 2.87 (1.72) | 1.13 | 25.50 | 56.03 | 8.00 | 1.46 | −0.21 (.014) |
| Luxembourg | 142 | 5.82 (4.89) | 3.60 | 16.50 | 53.39 | 17.80 | 9.35 | −0.22 (.016) |
| Netherlands | 303 | 5.71 (4.40) | 2.26 | 5.50 | 37.28 | 45.80 | 9.71 | −0.29 (.011) |
| Poland | 272 | 3.95 (2.82) | 1.17 | 11.50 | 72.41 | 11.10 | 2.09 | −0.22 (.012) |
| Portugal | 274 | 3.43 (1.76) | 1.66 | 49.00 | 62.53 | 11.50 | 3.63 | −0.20 (.012) |
| Slovenia | 165 | 3.81 (3.27) | 1.97 | 46.00 | 41.18 | 8.80 | 3.80 | −0.21 (.016) |
| Slovakia | 262 | 3.35 (2.68) | 2.12 | 33.50 | 49.94 | 2.60 | 2.81 | −0.22 (.015) |
| Spain | 122 | 4.63 (2.56) | 1.24 | 31.50 | 43.15 | 8.70 | 5.74 | −0.22 (.015) |
| Sweden | 256 | 3.15 (2.39) | 3.17 | 42.50 | 26.90 | 24.00 | 6.93 | −0.20 (.013) |
| United Kingdom | 239 | 4.86 (4.14) | 3.55 | 14.50 | 43.11 | 25.30 | 7.56 | −0.24 (.011) |
| Averaged | 225.35 | 3.96 | 2.35 | 29.17 | 49.62 | 14.91 | 5.77 | −0.22 |
| SD | 0.91 | 0.91 | 16.82 | 13.66 | 9.58 | 3.06 | .01 |
Average over the 23 countries
Sources: Commission of the European Communities (2008); EWCS (2005); Eurofound (2007a, b); Eurostat (2006); OECD (2007); World Values Survey Association (2000)
aPercentage of pre-school-age children that is in formal child care for 30 h or more per week
bSelf-constructed scale. Scores range from 0 through 100
cHourly earnings of lowest income decile
dBased on Model 1 and calculated from the residuals for each country