Table 6.
GLS random (RE) and fixed effects (FE) models on subjective well-being (SWB), income security (YS) and employment security (ES), Germany, 1984–2008, population 16–64 years
| SWB–RE | SWB–FE | YS–RE | YS–FE | ES–RE | ES–FE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | ||||||
| Age | −0.037*** | −0.028*** | 0.054*** | 0.057*** | 3.244*** | 3.152*** |
| Age squared/100 | 0.042*** | 0.016*** | −0.054*** | −0.057*** | −4.153*** | −3.992*** |
| Household type | ||||||
| Couple, child 0–5 | 0.050** | 0.044* | −0.199*** | −0.195*** | −5.298*** | −5.511*** |
| Couple, child 6–15 | 0 | 0 | −0.117*** | −0.109*** | −0.640** | −1.010*** |
| Single, no child | −0.220*** | −0.163*** | −0.108*** | −0.047** | −0.08 | −0.05 |
| Single parent, child 0–5 | −0.380*** | −0.285*** | −0.304*** | −0.248*** | −5.599*** | −4.520*** |
| Single parent, child 6–15 | −0.356*** | −0.272*** | −0.275*** | −0.220*** | 1.974*** | 2.117*** |
| Other | −0.060*** | −0.064*** | −0.028** | −0.013 | −0.945*** | −1.094*** |
| Number of children 0–15 | 0.023** | 0.021* | −0.134*** | −0.136*** | −2.303*** | −2.148*** |
| Female (ref. male) | 0.103*** | – | 0.041*** | – | −6.654*** | – |
| Number of other employed | 0.035*** | 0.031*** | 0.036*** | 0.026*** | −0.202** | −0.263** |
| East | −0.514*** | – | −0.503*** | – | −1.421*** | – |
| Foreign | −0.033 | – | −0.301*** | – | 0.145 | – |
| Unempl-rate × Period | −0.014*** | −0.009*** | −0.005*** | −0.006*** | 0.030*** | −0.02 |
| Traits | ||||||
| Neuroticism | −0.217*** | – | −0.059*** | – | −0.544*** | – |
| Extroversion | 0.040*** | – | −0.003 | – | 0.151 | – |
| Openness | 0.034*** | – | 0.067*** | – | −0.363*** | – |
| Agreableness | 0.053*** | – | −0.059*** | – | −0.364*** | – |
| Conscientiousness | 0.068*** | – | −0.032*** | – | 1.266*** | – |
| Capabilities | ||||||
| Highest completed education(ref. low education) | ||||||
| High education | 0.099*** | 0.042 | 0.268*** | 0.051* | 3.858*** | 3.373*** |
| Intermediate education | 0.001 | −0.033 | −0.042*** | −0.096*** | 1.018*** | 0.393 |
| Health | ||||||
| Work disability | −0.245*** | −0.159*** | −0.087*** | −0.063*** | −6.995*** | −6.030*** |
| Handicapped | −0.321*** | −0.243*** | −0.049*** | −0.034** | −4.430*** | −4.498*** |
| Social–cultural capital | ||||||
| Social network | 0.094*** | 0.073*** | −0.029*** | −0.032*** | −0.687*** | −0.569*** |
| Member trade union | −0.029 | −0.029 | −0.013 | 0.019 | 2.887*** | 2.193*** |
| Trust | 0.274*** | 0.108*** | 0.067*** | −0.006 | 0.505*** | −0.236 |
| Risktaking | 0.022*** | 0.027*** | 0.013*** | 0.001 | 0.078** | −0.111* |
| Religion (ref.: catholic) | ||||||
| Protestant | −0.017 | −0.069 | −0.02 | −0.023 | −0.221 | 0.339 |
| Other Christian | −0.125** | −0.063 | 0.005 | 0.120** | 0.76 | 1.397 |
| Other religion | −0.242*** | 0.042 | −0.118*** | 0.097* | −2.147*** | 1.118 |
| No denomination | −0.075*** | −0.065 | 0.045** | 0.072** | 0.243 | 1.213** |
| Life goals | ||||||
| Social goals | 0.084*** | 0.068** | 0.011 | −0.029 | −1.057*** | −1.338*** |
| Family goals | 0.140*** | 0.130*** | 0.030*** | 0.046*** | −0.174 | −0.097 |
| Material/success goals | 0.01 | 0.055** | 0.068*** | 0.044*** | 4.584*** | 4.542*** |
| Functionings/choices | ||||||
| Overtime in work | 0.005*** | 0.006*** | 0.005*** | 0.004*** | 0.325*** | 0.306*** |
| Job (hours) match (ref. match) | ||||||
| Underworked employed | −0.215*** | −0.181*** | −0.035*** | −0.035*** | 5.622*** | 4.884*** |
| Overworked employed | −0.060*** | −0.047*** | 0.090*** | 0.077*** | 6.507*** | 5.578*** |
| Underworked unemployed | −0.775*** | −0.713*** | −0.176*** | −0.160*** | −18.966*** | −18.251*** |
| Underworked inactive | −0.427*** | −0.387*** | −0.113*** | −0.100*** | −14.533*** | −12.894*** |
| Type of training (ref. no training) | 0.001 | −0.018 | −0.117*** | −0.136*** | 0.23 | 0.358 |
| Apprentice | −0.048* | −0.027 | −0.143*** | −0.164*** | −20.593*** | −19.527*** |
| Time use | ||||||
| Time spent on exercise/sports | 0.046*** | 0.035*** | 0.029*** | 0.010*** | 0.400*** | 0.282*** |
| Time spent on volunteer work | −0.008 | −0.005 | 0.002 | −0.004 | 0.453*** | 0.392*** |
| Attend social events | 0.175*** | 0.152*** | 0.059*** | 0.029*** | 0.581*** | 0.473** |
| Attend religious events | 0.052*** | 0.019* | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.043 | −0.122 |
| Events | ||||||
| Involuntary job change | −0.022 | 0.004 | −0.050*** | −0.040*** | 2.073*** | 2.128*** |
| Start own business | −0.03 | −0.034 | 0.050* | 0.014 | 0.784* | 0.910* |
| Stop own business | −0.164*** | −0.160*** | −0.038 | −0.071** | 0.64 | 0.347 |
| First childbirth | 0.206*** | 0.210*** | −0.116*** | −0.119*** | −4.597*** | −4.420*** |
| Birth second, third child | 0.138 | 0.153 | −0.035 | −0.028 | −0.316 | −0.19 |
| Divorced or separated | −0.350*** | −0.349*** | 0.008 | −0.006 | −0.980*** | −1.142*** |
| Marriage/cohabitation | 0.226*** | 0.253*** | 0.115*** | 0.135*** | 0.948*** | 0.923*** |
| Early retirement event | −0.066* | −0.070** | −0.109*** | −0.112*** | −16.308*** | −16.823*** |
| Unemployment event in past | −0.043*** | 0.007 | −0.076*** | −0.065*** | −1.378*** | −1.207*** |
| Constant | 5.522*** | 6.229*** | 0.828*** | 0.794*** | −26.855*** | −28.387*** |
| R squared | 0.188 | 0.104 | 0.224 | 0.125 | 0.546 | 0.511 |
| N | 163,550 | 163,550 | 151,588 | 151,588 | 136,824 | 136,824 |
| Sigma U | 0.938 | 1.226 | 0.841 | 1.026 | 10.331 | 13.541 |
| Sigma E | 1.237 | 1.237 | 0.615 | 0.615 | 11.496 | 11.496 |
| Rho | 0.365 | 0.495 | 0.652 | 0.736 | 0.447 | 0.581 |
* p < 0.10; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01