Table 7.
GLS random (RE) and fixed effects (FE) models on subjective well-being (SWB), income security (YS) and employment security (ES), Great-Britain 1991/1996–2008, population 16–64 years
| SWB–RE | SWB–FE | YS–RE | YS–FE | ES–RE | ES–FE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | ||||||
| Age | −0.066*** | −0.047*** | 0.095*** | 0.097*** | 2.713*** | 2.855*** |
| Age squared/100 | 0.082*** | 0.055*** | −0.113*** | −0.117*** | −3.450*** | −3.547*** |
| Household type | ||||||
| Couple, young child 0–5 | −0.013 | −0.041 | −0.598*** | −0.626*** | −2.247*** | −2.987*** |
| Couple, young child 6–15 | −0.064** | −0.073** | −0.512*** | −0.509*** | 0.081 | −0.352 |
| Single, no child | −0.347*** | −0.229*** | −0.267*** | −0.261*** | −1.023*** | −0.514 |
| Single parent, young child 0–5 | −0.503*** | −0.357*** | −0.687*** | −0.673*** | −5.352*** | −5.138*** |
| Single parent, young child 6–15 | −0.405*** | −0.239*** | −0.740*** | −0.693*** | −0.794 | −0.649 |
| Other | −0.136*** | −0.104** | −0.348*** | −0.338*** | −2.571*** | −1.969*** |
| No. of kids 0–15 | −0.016 | 0.019 | −0.366*** | −0.355*** | −1.573*** | −1.439*** |
| Gender (1 = female) | 0.094*** | – | −0.024 | – | −4.477*** | – |
| Number of other employed in HH | −0.022** | −0.027** | 0.163*** | 0.158*** | 1.122*** | 0.756*** |
| Not born in Britain | −0.181 | 0.255 | −0.123 | −0.032 | −5.657 | −2.763 |
| Unemployment rate × period | −0.023*** | −0.019*** | −0.006** | −0.002 | 0.157*** | 0.070* |
| Traits | ||||||
| Neuroticism | −0.340*** | – | −0.036*** | – | −0.639*** | – |
| Extroverticism | 0.092*** | – | 0.004 | – | 0.223** | – |
| Openness | −0.047*** | – | 0.043*** | – | −0.059 | – |
| Agreableness | 0.106*** | – | −0.091*** | – | −0.515*** | – |
| Conscientiousness | 0.153*** | – | 0.020** | – | 1.074*** | – |
| Capabilities | ||||||
| Highest completed education (ref.: low education) | ||||||
| High education (isced) | −0.069* | 0.215* | 0.639*** | 0.158*** | 5.743*** | 4.338*** |
| Intermediate education (isced) | −0.076** | 0.254** | 0.198*** | −0.095* | 3.426*** | −0.46 |
| Health limitations at work | −0.622*** | −0.445*** | −0.129*** | −0.073*** | −5.699*** | −3.452*** |
| Member trade union | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.108*** | 0.102*** | 4.507*** | 4.235*** |
| Social–cultural capital trust | 0.134*** | 0.095*** | 0.051*** | 0.012 | 0.178 | 0.068 |
| Religion (ref.: catholic) | ||||||
| Protestant | 0.108*** | 0.062 | 0.033 | −0.025 | 0.723** | −0.556 |
| Other Christian | 0.106** | 0.086 | −0.013 | −0.081 | 0.356 | −0.588 |
| Other religion | −0.011 | 0.108 | 0.008 | −0.015 | −0.9 | −1.085 |
| No denomination | 0.073** | 0.069 | 0.039 | −0.008 | 1.180*** | 0 |
| Social contacts | 0.101*** | 0.087*** | −0.026*** | −0.003 | −0.554*** | −0.503*** |
| Life goals | ||||||
| Material/success goals | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 1.628*** | 1.505*** |
| Social goals | 0.117*** | 0.114*** | −0.007 | 0.006 | −0.122 | −0.365** |
| Functionings—choices | ||||||
| Overtime | 0 | 0.001 | 0.014*** | 0.012*** | 0.208*** | 0.190*** |
| Job (hours) match (ref. fit) | ||||||
| Underworked employed | −0.148*** | −0.097*** | −0.078*** | −0.058*** | 4.560*** | 4.101*** |
| Overworked employed | −0.159*** | −0.141*** | 0.178*** | 0.158*** | 4.949*** | 4.225*** |
| Underworked unemployed | −0.466*** | −0.431*** | −0.077** | −0.069* | −6.101*** | −6.505*** |
| Underworked inactive | −0.284*** | −0.200*** | −0.120*** | −0.106*** | −17.762*** | −16.312*** |
| Type of training (ref. no training) | ||||||
| Government training | −0.059 | −0.099 | 0.021 | 0.044 | −5.832*** | −5.646*** |
| Apprenticeship | 0.280** | 0.251 | 0.1 | 0.218** | 10.061*** | 10.151*** |
| Training on the job | 0.037*** | 0.040*** | 0.082*** | 0.063*** | 3.663*** | 3.232*** |
| Training when inactive | 0.003 | 0.012 | −0.047* | −0.050** | −4.694*** | −4.035*** |
| Time use | ||||||
| Time spent to exercise/sports | 0.066*** | 0.046*** | 0.012*** | 0.002 | −0.104* | −0.205*** |
| Time spent to volunteer work | 0.008 | 0.011 | −0.035*** | −0.035*** | −0.767*** | −0.681*** |
| Attend social events | 0.205*** | 0.177*** | 0.145*** | 0.074*** | 1.724*** | 0.900*** |
| Attend religious events | 0.055*** | 0.026** | 0.005 | −0.004 | −0.043 | −0.032 |
| Events | ||||||
| Start own business | 0.068 | 0.080* | −0.054 | −0.059* | 0.254 | −0.011 |
| Stop own business | −0.057 | −0.046 | −0.056* | −0.059* | 0.321 | −0.224 |
| First childbirth | 0.242*** | 0.250*** | 0.097*** | 0.099*** | 2.092*** | 2.227*** |
| Birth second, third child | 0.064* | 0.056 | 0.038*** | 0.029** | −0.581** | −0.572** |
| Divorced or separated | −0.467*** | −0.479*** | 0.071** | 0.072** | 1.027*** | 0.650* |
| Marriage/cohabitation | 0.192*** | 0.243*** | −0.107*** | −0.092*** | 0.508* | 0.575** |
| Involuntary job change | −0.027 | −0.009 | −0.041* | −0.032 | 2.298*** | 1.920*** |
| Early retirement event | 0.176*** | 0.174*** | −0.006 | −0.009 | −3.072*** | −2.475*** |
| Unemployment events in past | −0.215*** | −0.190*** | −0.096*** | −0.056* | −7.821*** | −6.280*** |
| Constant | 5.321*** | 5.566*** | 0.381*** | 0.477*** | −22.132*** | −21.871*** |
| R squared | 0.195 | 0.112 | 0.329 | 0.283 | 0.445 | 0.394 |
| N | 93,648 | 93,648 | 111,464 | 111,464 | 110,794 | 110,794 |
| Sigma U | 1.199 | 1.512 | 0.86 | 1.037 | 10.609 | 14.452 |
| Sigma E | 1.37 | 1.37 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 11.805 | 11.805 |
| Rho | 0.434 | 0.549 | 0.483 | 0.576 | 0.447 | 0.6 |
* p < 0.10; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01