Table 3.
Risk of OAC & BO according to tertiles of toenail trace element concentrations.
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| Unadjusted | Age & sex adjusted | Multivariate adjusted* | ||||||
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| (LNe transformed) Tertiles (cut points μg/g) | HC (n) | Case (n) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |||
| OESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA | ||||||||
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| LOD (5.0x10−2) | SELENIUM † ‡ § ¶ ** ††*** | |||||||
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| 1 (≤−0.746) | 72 | 61 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 (> −0.746) | 73 | 33 | 0.53 (0.31, 0.91) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.92) | 0.34 (0.16, 0.73) | |||
| 3 (≥−0.614) | 71 | 31 | 0.52 (0.29, 0.89) | 0.53 (0.31, 0.92) | 0.94 (0.44, 2.04) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.55 | |||||
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| LOD (5.9x10−2) | ZINC § ¶** †† §§*** | |||||||
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| 1 (<4.139) | 72 | 53 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 (≥4.139) | 72 | 26 | 0.49 (0.28, 0.87) | 0.48 (0.27, 0.86) | 0.48 (0.24, 0.94) | |||
| 3 (≥4.326) | 72 | 46 | 0.87 (0.52, 1.45) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.46) | 0.92 (0.50–1.69) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.78 | |||||
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| LOD (1.18x10−2) | MERCURY † §** †† ‡‡ ¶¶ | |||||||
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| 1 (<−3.114) | 72 | 46 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 (≥−3.114) | 73 | 33 | 0.71 (0.41, 1.23) | 0.71 (0.41, 1.24) | 0.50 (0.23, 1.12) | |||
| 3 (≥−2.412) | 71 | 46 | 1.01 (0.60, 1.71) | 1.01 (0.60, 1.72) | 0.76 (0.36, 1.62) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.48 | |||||
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| LOD (1.8x10−2) | COBALT § ¶ ** †† | |||||||
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| 1 (<−5.4824) | 72 | 34 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 (≥−5.4824) | 73 | 39 | 1.13 (0.64, 1.99) | 1.13 (0.64, 1.99) | 1.06 (0.57, 1.98) | |||
| 3 (≥−4.4705) | 71 | 52 | 1.55 (0.90, 2.67) | 1.54 (0.90, 2.68) | 1.54 (0.84, 2.85) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.16 | |||||
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| LOD (1.5x10−2) | CERIUM † §** †† ¶¶ | |||||||
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| 1 At or below LOD | 146 | 87 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 Above LOD | 70 | 38 | 0.91 (0.57, 1.47) | 0.92 (0.57, 1.49) | 0.73 (0.36, 1.47) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.38 | |||||
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| LOD (4.0x10−1) | CHROMIUM † §** †† ¶¶ | |||||||
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| 1 At or below LOD | 156 | 98 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 Above LOD | 60 | 27 | 0.72 (0.43, 1.20) | 0.74 (0.44, 1.24) | 0.82 (0.39, 1.73) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.60 | |||||
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| BARRETT’S OESOPHAGUS | ||||||||
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| LOD (5.0x10−2) | SELENIUM † ‡ § ¶ ** †† *** | |||||||
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| 1 (≤ −0.746) | 72 | 80 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 (> −0.746) | 73 | 55 | 0.68 (0.42, 1.09) | 0.68 (0.42, 1.10) | 0.74 (0.35, 1.58) | |||
| 3 (≥ −0.614) | 71 | 39 | 0.49 (0.30, 0.82) | 0.49 (0.29, 0.81) | 0.89 (0.37, 2.12) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.71 | |||||
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| LOD (5.9x10−2) | ZINC § ¶ ** †† §§ *** | |||||||
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| 1 (<4.139) | 72 | 41 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 (≥4.139) | 72 | 52 | 1.27 (0.75, 2.14) | 1.23 (0.72, 2.08) | 1.49 (0.74, 3.01) | |||
| 3 (≥4.326) | 72 | 80 | 1.95 (1.19, 3.21) | 1.89 (1.14, 3.12) | 2.21 (1.11, 4.40) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |||||
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| LOD (1.18x10−2) | MERCURY † §** †† ‡‡ ¶¶ | |||||||
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| 1 (<−3.114) | 72 | 74 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 (≥−3.114) | 73 | 47 | 0.63 (0.38, 1.02) | 0.62 (0.38, 1.02) | 0.77 (0.35, 1.70) | |||
| 3 (≥−2.412) | 71 | 52 | 0.71 (0.44, 1.16) | 0.72 (0.44, 1.17) | 0.72 (0.33, 1.57) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.40 | |||||
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| LOD (1.8x10−3) | COBALT ‡§** †† | |||||||
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| 1 (<−5.4824) | 72 | 55 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 (≥−5.4824) | 73 | 54 | 0.97 (0.59, 1.59) | 0.97 (0.59, 1.59) | 1.08 (0.55, 2.10) | |||
| 3 (≥−4.4705) | 71 | 64 | 1.18 (0.72, 1.92) | 1.18 (0.72, 1.93) | 1.97 (1.01, 3.85) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.05 | |||||
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| LOD (1.5x10−2) | CERIUM † §** †† ¶¶ | |||||||
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| 1 At or below LOD | 146 | 112 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 Above LOD | 70 | 61 | 1.14 (0.74, 1.73) | 1.10 (0.72, 1.69) | 1.53 (0.77, 3.03) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.23 | |||||
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| LOD (4.0x10−1) | CHROMIUM † §** †† ¶¶ | |||||||
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| 1 At or below LOD | 156 | 135 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 2 Above LOD | 60 | 38 | 0.73 (0.46, 1.17) | 0.73 (0.45, 1.16) | 1.21 (0.56, 2.60) | |||
| P value for linear trend | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.62 | |||||
LOD = Limit of trace element detection upon Neutron Activation Analysis, LNe = Natural log transformation
All multivariable analysis adjusted for age at interview, sex, smoking status (current, former, never). Models additionally adjusted for:
alcohol (g/day),
energy intake (kcal/d),
gastro oesophageal reflux i.e.: symptoms of heartburn or acid reflux experienced at least once weekly five years prior to the interview date (ever/never),
education (years),
location (Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland),
H-pylori infection (+ve/−ve),
fish (freq/wk),
manual/non-manual labour (armed forces, manual, non-manual),
BMI 5yrs prior to interview (kg/m2),
vitamin C intake mg/day.
HC = Healthy Control, LNe = Natural logarithmic transformation, LOD = elemental Limit of Detection.