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GSH-mediated chemoresistance in tumor cells though system xc−. In cancer cells, GSH is synthesized from cystine (CySS−) taken up via system xc−. GSH protects cells from ROS induced by anticancer drugs (Drug) and/or is used as a co-substrate for GSTs, which form GSH-drug adducts (GS-Drug). GSH adducts are exported from the cell by MRP.
