| Inclusion criteria |
| Studies of children aged 0 to <11 years |
| AHT—ranking of abuse of 1–2 |
| nAHT—non-abusive aetiology confirmed (abuse excluded/accident confirmed) |
| Ophthalmic examination performed by an ophthalmologist |
| Ophthalmic findings described with reference to severity, location, and laterality |
| |
| Exclusion criteria |
| Consensus statements or personal practice studies |
| Study exclusively addresses retinal findings in association with: |
| Prior ophthalmic surgery |
| Solid mass lesions of the eye (eg, retinoblastoma) or brain |
| Post mortem examination alone (ie, where eyes not examined in life) |
| Medical causes of RH |
| RH found in the immediate postnatal period |
| Blunt trauma to the eye |
| AHT—ranking of abuse within study of 3–5 or mixed ranking where cases ranked 1–2 could not be extracted |
| Ophthalmic examination performed by non-ophthalmologist |
| |
|
| Ranking |
Criteria used to define abuse |
| 1 |
Abuse confirmed at case conference or admitted by perpetrator, or independently witnessed (with or without subsequent legal proceedings) |
| 2 |
Abuse confirmed by stated criteria including multidisciplinary assessment (social services/law enforcement/medical) |
| 3 |
Abuse defined by stated criteria |
| 4 |
Abuse stated but no supporting detail given |
| 5 |
Suspected abuse |
