P(IC) but not p(AU) directly activates NK cells primed with IL-12, type I IFN, or soluble mediators from dsRNA-stimulated MdDCs. A, A total of 1 × 106/ml MACS-purified human NK cells were stimulated with the indicated concentrations of IFN-β (A, upper panels) or IL-12 (A, lower panels) with or without 30 μg/ml p(IC) or p(AU). Degranulation (left) and IFN-γ (right) production are evaluated as described (Fig. 1). Data are from one of three representative experiments with three different donors (mean ± SD of culture triplicates). B, A total of 2 × 106/ml MdDCs were pulsed for 4 h with p(IC) or p(AU), washed, and cultured for an additional 20 h (pulse-SN) or continuously treated for 24 h with either dsRNA (continuous-SN). A total of 1 × 106/ml MACS-sorted human NK cells were stimulated with or without 10% pulsed- or continued-SN from MdDCs alone or in presence of either dsRNA. IFN-γ production was studied as described (Fig. 1). Data are from one representative experiment from one of four donors (mean ± SD of culture triplicates). p(AU), poly(A:U); p(IC), poly(I:C).