Table 2.

Comparison of mGluR5 DVR between smokers, nonsmokers, and ex-smokers

Regions of interest	Nonsmoker vs. smoker	Nonsmoker vs. ex-smoker	Ex-smoker vs. smoker
Gray matter
P value	<0.0001	<0.005	<0.01
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.05	n.s.
% difference	20.6	11.5	9.2
ACC
P value	<0.0001	<0.01	<0.01
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	23.5	12.3	11.3
Amgdala left
P value	<0.0001	<0.0005	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.05	n.s.
% difference	25.4	15.3	10.2
Amygdala right
P value	<0.0001	<0.001	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.01	n.s.
% difference	24.1	15.1	9.1
Brainstem
P value	<0.01	<0.005	n.s.
padjusted	n.s.	<0.005	n.s.
% difference	8.9	13.9	−5.0
Caudatus left
P value	<0.0001	<0.0005	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.005	n.s.
% difference	27.9	18.1	9.9
Caudatus right
P value	<0.0001	<0.005	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.05	n.s.
% difference	25.5	15.7	9.9
Frontal left
P value	<0.0000	<0.0005	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.01	n.s.
% difference	24.8	16.9	8.0
Frontal right
P value	<0.0001	<0.0005	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.01	n.s.
% difference	25.0	16.2	8.8
Medial temporal left
P value	<0.0001	<0.01	<0.005
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	22.4	11.0	11.5
Medial temporal right
P value	<0.0001	<0.05	<0.005
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s.	<0.05
% difference	22.4	10.6	11.6
mOFC left
P value	<0.0001	<0.05	n.s.
padjusted	<0.0005	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	30.9	19.8	11.3
mOFC right
P value	<0.0001	<0.01	n.s.
padjusted	<0.0005	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	30.2	20.9	9.4
Putamen left
P value	<0.0001	<0.0005	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.01	n.s.
% difference	20.6	13.4	7.2
Putamen right
P value	<0.0001	<0.005	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0005	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	18.4	11.9	6.5
Temporal left
P value	<0.0001	<0.05	<0.005
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	20.0	9.2	10.9
Temporal right
P value	<0.0001	<0.005	<0.005
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	21.9	10.7	11.3
Thalamus left
P value	<0.0001	<0.005	<0.005
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s	0.024
% difference	21.8	10.2	11.7
Thalamus right
P value	<0.0001	<0.01	<0.05
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	19.8	11.2	8.6
PCC
P value	<0.0001	<0.005	<0.01
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.05	n.s.
% difference	21.1	12.9	8.2
Putamen left
P value	<0.0001	<0.05	<0.005
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s.	n.s.
% difference	21.8	10.3	11.6
Putamen right
P value	<0.0001	<0.05	<0.005
padjusted	<0.0001	n.s.	<0.05
% difference	21.4	9.5	12.0
Temporal left
P value	<0.0001	<0.0001	n.s.
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.0001	n.s.
% difference	20.2	21.5	−1.3
Temporal right
P value	<0.0001	<0.0001	n.s.
padjusted	<0.0001	<0.0001	n.s.
% difference	20.0	22.8	−2.8

ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; mOFC, medial orbitofrontal cortex; n.s., not significant; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex.