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. 2012 Dec 5;13(12):16554–16579. doi: 10.3390/ijms131216554

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© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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The biogenesis of miRNAs. MiRNAs are transcribed as longer RNA precursor (pri-miRNA) by RNA polymerase II and/or III and processed by the Drosha complex in pre-miRNAs. These fragments are exported from the nucleus by exportin 5 (XPO5). In the cytoplasm pre-miRNA are further processed by Dicer and TAR RNA-binding protein 2 (TARBD2) to generate mature miRNAs, which are loaded into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The translation of mRNAs targets into proteins is repressed by mRNA degradation or, alternatively, block of mRNA translation.