Table 2.

Executive function measures (mean ± SD) at T₁, T₂, and T₃

Adjacency
T1	31.3 ± 13.2
T2	27.5 ± 14.2a
T3	22.1 ± 12.1b
	F1,37 = 13.44†; P = 0.000; ηp2 = 0.27; 1–β = 1.0
Turning point index
T1	86.9 ± 16.1
T2	89.0 ± 17.6
T3	94.8 ± 12.7b
	F1,37 = 8.41†; P = 0.001; ηp2 = 0.19; 1–β = 0.96
Runs
T1	1.1 ± 0.8
T2	1.2 ± 0.8
T3	0.9 ± 0.3b
	F1,37 = 4.68†; P = 0.012; ηp2 = 0.11; 1–β = 0.77 F1,37 = 2.93‡; P = 0.060; ηp2 = 0.07; 1–β = 0.55
ΔTrail making
T1	44.1 ± 29.7
T2	31.2 ± 23.9a
T3	36.3 ± 25.2
	F1,40 = 4.06†; P = 0.021; ηp2 = 0.096; 1–β = 0.71

Notes: Analysis of variance and post hoc results are also reported. Data are collapsed across groups (n = 42);

^†main effect for time;

^‡time*training interaction;

^asignificantly different from T₁;

^bsignificantly different from T₂ at P < 0.025 (Bonferroni correction).

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; T₁, baseline; T₂, control; T₃, following training; ηp2, partial eta squared.