Table 2.
Comparison of proportionate morbidity per 1,000 ill returned travelers seen at GeoSentinel clinics by syndrome and diagnostic groupings, A) expatriate versus nonexpatriate; B) business and volunteer expatriates versus business and volunteer non-expatriates, March 1997 – May 2011
| ALL | Business travelers | Volunteer travelers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Expatriate |
Non-expatriate |
p-value (bivariate) |
Expatriate |
Non-expatriate |
p-value (bivariate) |
Expatriate |
Non-expatriate |
p-value (bivariate) |
| |
PM per 1,000 |
|
PM per 1,000 |
|
PM per 1,000 |
|
|||
| Acute Diarrhea |
136 |
233 |
<0.01 |
131 |
231 |
<0.01 |
139 |
236 |
<0.01 |
| Febrile/Systemic Illness |
195 |
201 |
0.46 |
265 |
212 |
<0.01 |
147 |
183 |
<0.01 |
| Dermatologic |
88 |
121 |
<0.01 |
103 |
115 |
0.22 |
79 |
130 |
<0.01 |
| GI, Other |
121 |
74 |
<0.01 |
112 |
71 |
<0.01 |
127 |
79 |
<0.01 |
| Respiratory |
49 |
86 |
<0.01 |
75 |
102 |
<0.01 |
31 |
59 |
<0.01 |
|
Vector-borne | |||||||||
| Malaria |
84 |
62 |
<0.01 |
109 |
62 |
<0.01 |
67 |
61 |
0.37 |
| Dengue |
21 |
23 |
0.44 |
31 |
22 |
0.05 |
13 |
25 |
<0.01 |
| Leishmaniasis |
5 |
5 |
0.73 |
2 |
4 |
0.42 |
8 |
6 |
0.60 |
| Rickettsiosis |
3 |
4 |
0.56 |
6 |
5 |
0.64 |
1 |
2 |
0.41 |
| Filariasis |
14 |
4 |
<0.01 |
3 |
2 |
0.48 |
21 |
6 |
<0.01 |
|
Ingestion | |||||||||
| Typhoid & Paratyphoid |
4 |
5 |
0.83 |
6 |
3 |
0.18 |
3 |
6 |
0.17 |
| Hepatitis A |
3 |
2 |
0.35 |
7 |
3 |
0.03 |
0.6 |
2 |
0.69 |
| Hepatitis E |
3 |
0.4 |
<0.01 |
3 |
0.5 |
0.06 |
4 |
0.2 |
<0.01 |
| GI disease (parasitic) |
15 |
13 |
0.28 |
18 |
11 |
0.05 |
14 |
16 |
0.64 |
| GI disease (bacterial) |
11 |
27 |
<0.01 |
14 |
30 |
<0.01 |
9 |
23 |
<0.01 |
| Amebiasis |
32 |
17 |
<0.01 |
19 |
16 |
0.32 |
41 |
19 |
<0.01 |
| Giardiasis |
26 |
32 |
0.10 |
24 |
28 |
0.36 |
28 |
39 |
0.05 |
| Brucellosis |
2 |
0.4 |
<0.01 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.52 |
4 |
0.2 |
<0.01 |
|
Respiratory Contact | |||||||||
| Influenza |
7 |
17 |
<0.01 |
13 |
23 |
0.03 |
3 |
9 |
0.01 |
| Latent TB |
19 |
8 |
<0.01 |
26 |
9 |
<0.01 |
14 |
5 |
<0.01 |
| Active TB |
4 |
2 |
0.02 |
6 |
2 |
0.03 |
3 |
1 |
0.07 |
|
Blood/Body Fluid/Sexual | |||||||||
| HIV |
7 |
2 |
<0.01 |
13 |
3 |
<0.01 |
2 |
1 |
0.27 |
| Hepatitis B |
1 |
1 |
0.91 |
0.8 |
1 |
1.00 |
0.6 |
0 |
0.27 |
| IMS1 – EBV2/CMV3 |
16 |
7 |
<0.01 |
8 |
8 |
0.89 |
22 |
5 |
<0.01 |
|
Environmental Contact | |||||||||
| Schistosomiasis |
15 |
9 |
<0.01 |
10 |
5 |
0.02 |
19 |
15 |
0.26 |
| Strongyloidiasis |
14 |
5 |
<0.01 |
7 |
3 |
0.03 |
19 |
9 |
<0.01 |
| Ectoparasites |
4 |
9 |
<0.01 |
5 |
7 |
0.42 |
4 |
12 |
<0.01 |
| Animal Bites |
3 |
3 |
0.99 |
6 |
2 |
0.03 |
0.6 |
4 |
0.05 |
|
Non-infectious | |||||||||
| Fracture & Dislocation |
1 |
0.4 |
0.20 |
0.8 |
0.3 |
0.33 |
1 |
0.7 |
0.62 |
| Depression |
8 |
3 |
<0.01 |
9 |
2 |
<0.01 |
7 |
5 |
0.24 |
| Anxiety & Stress |
7 |
3 |
<0.01 |
3 |
4 |
1.00 |
10 |
3 |
<0.01 |
| Cardiac Disease | 2 | 1 | 0.04 | 4 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.47 |
1IMS=infectious mononucleosis, 2EBV=Epstein-Barr virus; 3CMV=Cytomegalovirus.