Table 2. African elephant demographic parameters from 12 wild populations (one sampled twice) collected through individual registration, radio tracking or culling.
| YoungestConception Age | Avg. PrimiparousAge (years) | Mean CalvingInterval (years) | AnnualMortality | Densityele/mile2 | Yearly Rain(mm) | Citation | |
| Addo N.P. South Africa | 9 | 12.5 | 3.3 | 1.4% | 9.6 | 392 | Gough and Kerley 2006 |
| Amboseli N.P. Kenya | 7.1 | 13.7 | 4.5 | 4.15% | <1 | 350 | Lee and Moss pers comms. 2012, Moss 2001 |
| Etosha N.P. Namibia | – | 11.1 | 3.8 | 5.0% | <1 | 250–450 | Lindeque 1988 |
| Kruger N.P. South Africa | 8 | 13 | 3.8 | 3.2% | <1 | 450–700 | Whyte et al. 1998, Freeman et al. 2009 |
| Lake Manyara N.P. Tanzania | 8 | 13 | 4.6 | 3.5%(2.7–3.9%) | 6.2 | 650 | Douglas-Hamilton 1972 |
| Luangwa N.P. Zambia | 12 | 16 | 3.4 | – | 3–6 | 800 | Hanks 1972 |
| Mkomazi N.P. Tanzania | – | 12.2 | 4.2 | 5.0% | 2.5 | 400 | Laws et al. 1975 |
| Murchison Falls N.P. Uganda | 7 | 11 | 8.6 | – | 1.7 | 1,085 | Buss and Smith 1966 |
| Murchison North Uganda | – | 16.3 | 9.1 | 5.1–6.6% | 3–4 | 1,085 | Laws et al. 1975 |
| Murchison South Uganda | – | 17.8 | 5.6 | 6–7 | 1,085 | Laws et al. 1975 | |
| Samburu N.R. Kenya | 6.7 | 11.5 | 4.0 | 2.8% pre4.7% total | <1 | 350 | This study |
| Tarangire N.P. Tanzania | 6.9 | 11.2 | 3.3 | 1.9% | <1 | 656 | Foley and Faust 2010 |
| Tsavo N.P. Kenya | – | 14.5 | 6.8 | 3.8–5.0% | 3 | 200–700 | Laws et al. 1975 |
| Captive | 12 | 16.3 | – | – | Dale 2010 |