Table 2.
Characteristics of participants by (study-determined) heart failure status
| Characteristics |
No HF (A), n = 308 | LVSD (B), n =34 (%)a | HFpEF (C), n = 57 | P-value (A vs. B) | P-value (A vs. C) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65–74 | 42 (13.6%) | 4 (11.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.829g | 0.004g |
| 75–84 | 109 (35.4%) | 10 (29.4%) | 17 (29.8%) | |||
| 85+ | 157 (51.0%) | 20 (58.8%) | 40 (70.2%) | |||
| Meanb | 83.5 (7.3, 65–99) | 84.3 (6.6, 70–98) | 87.6 (5.6, 75–100) | |||
| Gender | Male | 82 (26.6%) | 13 (38.2%) | 10 (17.5%) | 0.077 | 0.068 |
| Female | 226 (73.4%) | 21 (61.8%) | 47 (82.5%) | |||
| Ethnicity | White British | 303 (98.4%) | 34 (100%) | 56 (98.2%) | 0.584g | 0.606g |
| White European | 5 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.8%) | |||
| Care facility typec | Nursing | 94 (30.5%) | 9 (26.5%) | 17 (29.8%) | 0.314g | 0.635g |
| Residential | 202 (65.6%) | 22 (64.7%) | 39 (68.4%) | |||
| Dementia | 12 (3.9%) | 3 (8.8%) | 1 (1.8%) | |||
| MMSE scored | 0 | 36 (11.7%) | 4 (11.8%) | 5 (8.8%) | 0.358g | 0.746g |
| 1–23 | 174 (56.5%) | 15 (44.1%) | 31 (54.4%) | |||
| ≥24 | 98 (31.8%) | 15 (44.1%) | 21 (36.8%) | |||
| MMSE description | Alert | 287 (93.2) | 34 (100%) | 54 (94.7%) | 0.304g | 0.905g |
| Drowsy | 20 (6.5%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (5.3%) | |||
| Coma | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| BMIe | Meanb | 25.5 (5.4, 11–45) | 26.2 (4.8, 18–36) | 25.3 (4.6, 17–35) | 0.535 | 0.961 |
| EQ-5D | Meanb | 0.42 (0.36, –0.54 to 1) | 0.57 (0.26, 0.08–1) | 0.47 (0.35, –0.18 to 1) | 0.920 | 0.972 |
| EQ-VASf | Meanb | 61.2 (19.1, 10–100) | 67.8 (18, 50–100) | 65.2 (14.9, 40–90) | 0.881 | 0.622 |
BMI, body mass index; EQ, EuroQuol; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction; MMSE. Mini Mental State Examination; VAS, visual analogue scale.
aFor tabulation purposes, three cases of LVSD without clinical signs of heart failure are included
bMean, standard deviation, range
cResidential homes are registered to provide personal and social care for people no longer able to live independently; nursing homes provide these services in addition to medical and nursing care; nursing homes additionally include specialist mental healthcare. Some facilities provide a mixture of levels of care.
dA score of ≤23 required study consent by ‘consultee declaration’.
eBMI available for 384 (96%) residents.
fVAS score available for 120 (30%) residents.
gFisher's exact test (all other P-values show Pearson χ2).