Table A1.
Relative hazard of death by HUI3 attribute for 18+ at baseline
| Independent variables | Vision | Hearing | Speech | Ambulation | Dexterity | Emotion | Cognition | Pain and discomfort |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HUI3 attribute | 0.57 (0.14–2.30) | 0.18 (0.06–0.57)a | 0.21 (0.00–215.06) | 0.10 (0.04–0.23)b | 0.39 (0.09–1.68) | 0.31 (0.08–1.14) | 0.79 (0.34–1.86) | 0.53 (0.29–0.96)c |
| Number of other attributes affected | 1.14 (1.07–1.22)b | 1.10 (1.03–1.17)a | 1.12 (1.05–1.19)a | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.11 (1.04–1.18)a | 1.11 (1.04–1.18)a | 1.14 (1.06–2.03)b | 1.14 (1.03–1.23)a |
| Male | 1.81 (1.56–2.09)b | 1.81 (1.56–2.10)b | 1.81 (1.56–2.10)b | 1.84 (1.58–2.13)b | 1.81 (1.56–2.09)b | 1.81 (1.56–2.10)b | 1.81 (1.56–2.09)b | 1.81 (1.56–2.10)b |
| Age | ||||||||
| 30–39 | 1.89 (0.93–3.80) | 1.89 (0.94–3.81) | 1.89 (0.94–3.81) | 1.85 (0.92–3.72) | 1.89 (0.94–3.81) | 1.90 (0.94–3.85) | 1.87 (0.93–3.77) | 1.88 (0.93–3.78) |
| 40–49 | 5.52 (2.80–10.86)b | 5.45 (2.77–10.70)b | 5.41 (2.76–10.63)b | 5.43 (2.78–10.62)b | 5.44 (2.78–10.66)b | 5.47 (2.77–10.80)b | 5.35 (2.73–10.48)b | 5.37 (2.74–10.52)b |
| 50–59 | 14.02 (7.21–27.25)b | 13.52 (6.97–26.23)b | 13.43 (6.93–26.00)b | 13.65 (7.07–26.32)b | 13.52 (6.99–26.14)b | 13.47 (6.92–26.24)b | 13.15 (6.78–25.52)b | 13.28 (6.86–25.70)b |
| 60–69 | 30.45 (15.98–58.01)b | 29.24 (15.40–55.52)b | 29.13 (15.36–55.24)b | 30.27 (16.00–57.24)b | 29.43 (15.54–55.77)b | 29.25 (15.33–55.82)b | 28.57 (15.05–54.24)b | 28.86 (15.24–54.66)b |
| 70–79 | 56.31 (29.24–108.46)b | 54.29 (28.33–104.04)b | 54.25 (28.30–104.00)b | 56.53 (29.50–108.31)b | 54.85 (28.63–105.06)b | 55.01 (28.55–105.96)b | 53.09 (27.61–102.06)b | 54.06 (28.20–103.61)b |
| 80+ | 132.55 (67.18–261.53)b | 129.19 (65.98–252.93)b | 130.31 (66.36–255.89)b | 131.22 (66.93–257.28)b | 132.53 (67.62–259.75)b | 132.09 (67.09–260.07)b | 128.46 (65.17–253.22)b | 129.41 (65.74–254.72)b |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | 1.28 (0.99–1.63) | 1.29 (1.01–1.65) | 1.28 (1.01–1.63) | 1.27 (0.99–1.62) | 1.28 (1.00–1.63)c | 1.27 (1.00–1.63) | 1.27 (0.99–1.62) | 1.28 (1.00–1.63) |
| Widowed | 1.22 (1.01–1.47)c | 1.23 (1.02–1.47)c | 1.22 (1.01–1.46)c | 1.20 (0.99–1.44) | 1.22 (1.01–1.46)c | 1.21 (1.01–1.46)c | 1.22 (1.01–1.47)c | 1.22 (1.02–1.47)c |
| Separated/divorces | 0.91 (0.71–1.15) | 0.91 (0.72–1.16) | 0.91 (0.71–1.15) | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.91 (0.71–1.15) | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) |
| Income | ||||||||
| Missing | 0.88 (0.57–1.38) | 0.89 (0.57–1.39) | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 0.88 (0.57–1.37) | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 0.88 (0.57–1.38) | 0.88 (0.57–1.37) |
| Low | 1.54 (1.09–2.18)c | 1.54 (1.09–2.18)c | 1.55 (1.10–2.19)c | 1.54 (1.09–2.16)c | 1.55 (1.09–2.19)c | 1.54 (1.09–2.18)c | 1.55 (1.09–2.19)c | 1.55 (1.10–2.19)c |
| Low middle | 1.41 (1.02–1.94)c | 1.41 (1.02–1.94)c | 1.42 (1.03–1.95)c | 1.41 (1.03–1.93)c | 1.42 (1.03–1.95)c | 1.42 (1.03–1.95)c | 1.42 (1.03–1.95)c | 1.41 (1.02–1.94)c |
| Upper middle | 1.37 (1.00–1.88)c | 1.37 (1.00–1.88)c | 1.38 (1.01–1.89)c | 1.40 (1.03–1.91)c | 1.38 (1.01–1.89)c | 1.38 (1.01–1.88)c | 1.39 (1.01–1.90)c | 1.38 (1.01–1.89)c |
| Education | ||||||||
| <High school | 1.20 (1.03–1.40)c | 1.20 (1.02–1.40)c | 1.20 (1.03–1.40)c | 1.20 (1.02–1.40)c | 1.20 (1.03–1.40)c | 1.21 (1.03–1.41)c | 1.19 (1.02–1.40)c | 1.19 (1.02–1.39)c |
| High school | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 1.21 (0.97–1.51) | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 1.21 (0.97–1.51) | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 1.19 (0.95–1.50) |
| Chronic health conditions | ||||||||
| Associated with mortality | 1.76 (1.53–2.02)b | 1.78 (1.55–2.05)b | 1.77 (1.54–2.03)b | 1.75 (1.52–2.02)b | 1.77 (1.54–2.03)b | 1.77 (1.54–2.04)b | 1.77 (1.54–2.03)b | 1.76 (1.53–2.03)b |
| Possibly associated with mortality | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) | 1.18 (0.90–1.55) | 1.18 (0.90–1.55) | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | 1.16 (0.88–1.52) |
| Not associated with mortality | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Daily smoker | 2.27 (1.85–2.78)b | 2.30 (1.87–2.82)b | 2.28 (1.86–2.79)b | 2.29 (1.87–2.81)b | 2.28 (1.86–2.79)b | 2.28 (1.86–2.79)b | 2.27 (1.85–2.79)b | 2.25 (1.83–2.76)b |
| Occasional smoker | 1.82 (1.28–2.60)b | 1.83 (1.28–2.62)b | 1.82 (1.27–2.60)b | 1.82 (1.27–2.62)a | 1.82 (1.28–2.61)b | 1.83 (1.28–2.62)b | 1.81 (1.26–2.59)a | 1.80 (1.26–2.58)a |
| Former smoker | 1.47 (1.25–1.74)b | 1.49 (1.26–1.76)b | 1.47 (1.25–1.74)b | 1.50 (1.27–1.77)b | 1.48 (1.25–1.74)b | 1.47 (1.25–1.74)b | 1.48 (1.25–1.75)b | 1.47 (1.24–1.74)b |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Occasional: 4 to 11 times per month | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) |
| Infrequent: zero to three times per month | 1.27 (1.09–1.47)a | 1.28 (1.10–1.49)a | 1.28 (1.10–1.49)a | 1.25 (1.08–1.46)a | 1.28 (1.10–1.49)a | 1.29 (1.11–1.49)b | 1.27 (1.09–1.48)a | 1.28 (1.10–1.48)a |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.71 (1.22–2.41)a | 1.71 (1.21–2.40)a | 1.71 (1.21–2.40)a | 1.59 (1.09–2.32)c | 1.71 (1.22–2.41)a | 1.69 (1.20–2.38)a | 1.69 (1.20–2.38)a | 1.70 (1.20–2.40)a |
| Overweight (25 to <30) | 0.82 (0.70–0.95)a | 0.82 (0.70–0.95)a | 0.81 (0.70–0.94)a | 0.83 (0.71–0.96)c | 0.81 (0.70–0.95)a | 0.81 (0.70–0.94)a | 0.82 (0.70–0.95)a | 0.82 (0.70–0.95)a |
| Obese (30 to <35) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) |
| Very obese (≥35) | 1.29 (0.93–1.79) | 1.29 (0.93–1.79) | 1.29 (0.93–1.80) | 1.28 (0.92–1.78) | 1.29 (0.93–1.80) | 1.30 (0.94–1.79) | 1.30 (0.93–1.81) | 1.29 (0.93–1.79) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||
| Never drinks | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) | 1.17 (0.90–1.53) | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) | 1.17 (0.89–1.52) | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) | 1.15 (0.89–1.50) | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) |
| Former drinker | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | 1.14 (0.92–1.42) | 1.14 (0.91–1.41) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) |
| <1 drink a day | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) |
| ≥3 drinks daily | 1.22 (0.85–1.74) | 1.25 (0.88–1.78) | 1.23 (0.86–1.75) | 1.17 (0.80–1.70) | 1.24 (0.87–1.76) | 1.23 (0.87–1.75) | 1.23 (0.86–1.75) | 1.22 (0.86–1.75) |
| General chronic stress index | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)c | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)c | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)c | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)c | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)c | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)c | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)c | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)c |
| Sense of coherence scale | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| Perceived social support index | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) |
| Psychological distress scale | 1.03 (0.99–1.05) | 1.03 (1.00–1.05)c | 1.03 (1.00–1.05)c | 1.03 (1.00–1.05)c | 1.03 (1.00–1.05)c | 1.03 (0.99–1.05) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05)c | 1.03 (0.99–1.05) |
| −2LL (df = 38); P < 0.05 | 18,722 | 18,721 | 18,727 | 18,704 | 18,728 | 18,727 | 18,726 | 18,723 |
Abbreviations: −2LL, twice negative log likelihood; df, degree of freedom; BMI, body mass index; HUI3, Health Utilities Index Mark 3.
Referent categories are 18–29; married; upper income; more then high school degree; no chronic health conditions; never smoker; regular exercise; and one to two drinks a day. Chronic health conditions associated with mortality: high blood pressure; chronic bronchitis or emphysema; diabetes; heart disease; cancer; and suffered from the effects of a stroke. Chronic health conditions possibly associated with mortality: asthma and Alzheimer Disease or other dementia. Chronic health conditions not associated with mortality: food allergies; allergies other than food allergies; arthritis or rheumatism; back problems excluding arthritis; migraine headaches; sinusitis; epilepsy; stomach or intestinal ulcers; urinary incontinence; cataracts; glaucoma; and other long-term conditions.
a
P < 0.01.
b
P < 0.001.
c
P < 0.05.