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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2012 Oct 20;199(1):57–69. doi: 10.1007/s00359-012-0768-4

Table 1.

Hyoid displacement measured as three distances, beak gape and caudal displacement of the trachea during call production. LV, distance between larynx and second vertebrae; LH, distance between larynx and the dorsal edge of the beak-skull transition. `Cornua' refers to the distance between the most ventral points of the left and right cornua of the hyoid apparatus (see Fig. 1).

Bird Call type/duration (ms) LV (mm) LH (mm) Cornua (mm) Beak (mm) Trachea (mm)
1 tet 2.3±0.8 2.5±0.8 4.3±1 0.3±0.3 1.8±0.8
<100 N=10 N=10 N=10 N=12 N=8

DC 2.4 3.4 4.0 0.6 1.3
180 N=1 N=1 N=1 N=1 N=1

2 tet 1.4±0.7 2.2±0.8 2.4 0.3±0.1 1.8±0.6
<100 N=7 N=7 N=1 N=7 N=3

4 tet 2.2 3.3 3.8 0.1 1.1
<100 N=2 N=2 N=1 N=2 N=2

DC 1.3±0.5 3.0±0.6 3.7 0.8±0.5 1.3
140–180 N=6 N=6 N=2 N=6 N=2

5 tet 1.9±0.8 3.1±1.7 3.5 0.8±0.4 1.5±0.1
<100 N=4 N=4 N=2 N=4 N=3

DC 1.7±0.8 3.4±1.0 4.4 0.8±0.6 1.6±0.4
140–180 N=7 N=7 N=2 N=7 N=7

6 tet 1.1 2.1 2.3 0.3 1.3
<100 N=2 N=2 N=1 N=2 N=1

DC 1.2 2.5 3.2 0.9 1.3
140 N=2 N=2 N=1 N=2 N=2