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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 17.
Published in final edited form as: Urology. 2010 May 15;76(4):1018.e8–1018.13. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.02.055

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effects of TGF-β1 and estrogen on Smad responsive elements. Urethral cells were isolated from female rats, transfected with Smad1 or Smad3/4 responsive elements, treated with TGF-β1 and/or estrogen, and analyzed by luciferase assay. “TGF” denotes treatment with 1 ng/ml TGF-β1; “E2” denotes treatment with 10 nM estrogen; “TGF/E2” denotes treatment with 1 ng/ ml TGF-β1 for 1 h and then 10 nM estrogen for 16 h. “Relative activity” is the ratio of firefly luciferase activity (derived from Smad responsive element) versus Renilla luciferase activity (internal control). * indicates significant difference (p<0.05) compared to TGF-β1 alone. The data are the average of 3 independent experiments.