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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 17.
Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol. 2012 Aug;104(3):603–621. doi: 10.1037/a0027571

Table 3.

Number of Students Retained or Promoted at each Grade by Gender, Ethnicity, and Language

Retained Promoted
Grade1 Grade2 Grade3 Grade4 Grade5 Grade1 Grade2 Grade3 Grade4 Grade5
Gender
    Male 64 9 12 5 5 133 180 175 173 150
    Female 48 8 13 3 4 118 150 140 143 121
Ethnicity
    Caucasian 33 5 4 5 2 90 111 109 103 96
    Hispanic 37 7 8 1 4 88 115 113 113 90
    African American 37 5 12 1 3 62 90 82 90 78
    Asian 3 0 1 1 0 8 9 7 6 5
    Other 2 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 4 2
Language
    English 101 7 20 7 7 217 273 274 255 239
    Spanish 10 2 5 0 2 34 35 32 30 19

Note. Table includes only those students for whom retention status was known.