Table 5.

A. Baseline Models for WJ Math
Term	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Fixed Effects
Intercept	484.95*	463.18*	459.80*
Linear	--------	10.37*	14.46*
Quadratic	--------	--------	−1.15*
Variance Components
Intercept (L2)	0.18	4.99	26.75*
Linear (L2)	-------	1.77*	14.45*
Quadratic (L2)	-------	-------	0.31
Intercept (L3)	30.46*	86.84*	87.58*
Residual (L1)	302.77*	36.58*	30.16*
Covariance Components
Intercept and Slope	-------	−3.35*	−22.17*
Intercept and Quadratic	-------	-------	3.44*
Slope and Quadratic	-------	-------	−2.06*

B. Baseline Models for WJ Reading
Term	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Fixed Effects
Intercept	470.89*	437.64*	427.76*
Linear	--------	15.87*	31.43*
Quadratic	--------	--------	−3.54*
Variance Components
Intercept (L2)	31.39*	47.47*	55.67*
Linear (L2)	-------	1.20	14.06*
Quadratic (L2)	-------	-------	0
Intercept (L3)	70.54*	201.08*	205.87*
Residual (L1)	765.25*	146.90*	107.70*
Covariance Components
Intercept and Slope	-------	−5.28	−16.34
Intercept and Quadratic	-------	-------	1.23
Slope and Quadratic	-------	-------	−1.34*

Note. No retention effects were estimated. Model 1 includes an intercept at level 2. Model 2 includes an intercept and linear trend at level 2. Model 3 includes an intercept, linear trend, and quadratic deceleration at level 2. All models estimate the corresponding random variance components at level 2. All models estimate a random variance component at level 3 to account for the matching.

^*p < .05. Time was coded as years and tenths of years elapsed since the initial measurement in first grade (November) which was coded as 0. Tests of fixed effects are two-tailed; tests of variance components are one-tailed since variances must be positive or zero. L1 = level 1, L2 = level 2, L3 = level 3. ------- indicates not estimated. The quadratic variance component at Level 2 was fixed to 0 by the program.