Outcome	Instrument
Health behavior
Aerobic exercise	Self-report of number of times per week doing aerobic exercise
Cognitive symptom management	Stanford Patient Education Research Center scale (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/cognitivesymptom.html) adapted from the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) (http://www.rand.org/health/surveys_tools/mos/mos_core_36item.html)
Communication with physician	Stanford Patient Education Research Center scale (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/communprov.html)
Stretching/strengthening exercise	Self-report of number of times per week doing stretching/strengthening exercise
Psychological health status
Depression	Depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6880820) or Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (http://cesd-r.com/)
Health distress	Stanford Patient Education Research Center scale adapted from the MOS (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/healthdistress.html)
Overall self-efficacy	Stanford Patient Education Research Center’s Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scales (31-item or 6-item version). Some principal investigators selected groups of items from the 32-item version (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/secd32.html; http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/secd6.html)
Self-efficacy for chronic disease management	5-item Manage Disease in General subscale of the Stanford Patient Education Research Center’s Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/secd32.html)
Self-efficacy for management of other symptoms	5-item Manage Symptoms subscale of the Stanford Patient Education Research Center’s Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/secd32.html)
Physical health status
Energy	Stanford Patient Education Research Center 5-item energy/fatigue scale from the MOS (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/energyfatigue.html)
Fatigue	10-point visual analog or visual numeric scale
Functional disability	Health Assessment Questionnaire–Disability scale (http://aramis.stanford.edu/HAQ.html); Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (http://www.womac.org/)
Pain	10-point visual analog or visual numeric scale; McGill present pain intensity rating (http://tuum-est.com/pdf/rsd/the-mcgill-pain-questionnaire-from-description-to-measurement-melzack.pdf)
Self-rated health	1 question from the National Health Interview Survey or the MOS (http://www.rand.org/health/surveys_tools/mos/mos_core_36item.html); scale scoring was reversed in our meta-analysis for ease of interpretation
Shortness of breath	10-point visual analog or visual numeric scale
Social role limitations	Stanford Patient Education Research Center scale adapted from the MOS (http://patienteducation.stanford.edu/research/activitieslimit.html)
Health care utilization
Emergency department visits	Self-report of the number of emergency department visits in past 4 to 6 months
Physician visits	Self-report of the number of physician visits in past 4 to 6 months
Hospitalization days or nights	Self-report of the number of days or nights hospitalized in the past 6 months
Hospitalization times	Self-report of the number of times hospitalized in the past 6 months