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. 2012 Nov 22;6:138. doi: 10.1186/1752-153X-6-138

Table 6.

Examples of variants of physiologically based in vitro procedures (not calibrated) applied to Pb particles (2 pages)

GENERAL ORAL GASTRIC INTESTINAL
References
 Mixing
 Extraction
 Time, pH
 Fluid
 S/L (g.mL-1)
 Time, pH
 Fluid
 Time, pH
 Fluid
Sheppard et al. 1995[116]
  
 Centrifugation, filtration 0.2 μm
  
  
  
 4 h, pH 2.0
 NaCl; pepsin; HCl
 18 h, pH 7.5
 NaHCO3; NaCl; bile; pancreatin; α-amylase
Berti and Cunningham 1997[125]
 Stir bar
  
  
  
 1/100
 1 h, pH 2.5
 Pepsin; organic acids; HCl
 2 h, pH 7.0
 NaHCO3; pancreatin; bile
Davis et al. 1997[126]
 Wrist action shaker
 Centrifugation (2,100 g; 25 min)
  
  
 1/10
 2 h, pH 1.3
 Pepsin; organic acids; HCl
 2 h, pH 7.0
 NaHCO3; pancreatin; bile
Hamel et al. 1998[92]
 Shaking water bath
 Centrifugation (1,380 g; 10 min)
  
  
 1/100 to 1/5000
 2 h
 NaCl; pepsin; HCl
  
  
Hamel et al. 1999[102]
 Water bath, 90 cyc/min
 Centrifugation (906 g; 10 min), filtration 0.45 μm
 5 s, pH 5.5
 Mucin; urea; KCl; NaCl; Na2HPO4; CaCl2.4H2O
 1/2160
 2 h
 NaCl; pepsin; HCl
 2 h
 NaHCO3
Oliver et al. 1999[89]
 Wrist action shaker
 Filtration 0.45 μm
  
  
 1/10
 2 h, pH 1.3 to 3.0
 Organic acids; HCl; with(out) pepsin
 16 h, pH 7.0
 NaHCO3 with(out) bile & pancreatin
Ellickson et al. 2001[57]
 Bath set, 90 cyc/min
 Centrifugation (200 g; 20 min) & (906 g; 15 min); HNO3, 48 h; filtration 0.45 μm
  
 Mucin; urea; CaCl2.H2O; NaCl; KCl; Na2HPO4
 1/2160
 2 h, pH 1.4
 Pepsin; NaCl; HCl
 4 h, pH 6.5
 NaHCO3
Oomen et al. 2002, Van De Wiele et al. 2007[82,87]; DIN test
 Agitator, 200 rpm
 Centrifugation (7,000 g; 10 min)
  
  
 1/50
 2 h, pH 2.0
 HCl; [pepsin; mucin]*
 6 h, pH 7.5
 Phosphate buffer; [bile; trypsin; pancreatin]*
Oomen et al. 2002, Van De Wiele et al. 2007[82,87]; SHIME test
 Stirring, 150 rpm
 Centrifugation (7,000 g; 10 min)
  
  
 1/2.5 to 1/40
 3 h, pH 2.0 (fast) or 4.0 (fed)
 Nutrilon plus; pectin; mucin; cellobiose; proteose peptone; starch; glucose
 5 h, pH 6.5
 NaHCO3; pancreatin; bile
Oomen et al. 2002, Van De Wiele et al. 2007[82,87]; TIM test
 Peristaltic
 Ultrafiltration
 5 min, pH 5.0
  
  
 Fast: 40 min, pH 4.5 to 1.8
 HCl; lipase; pepsin* 0.5 mL/min
 Fast: 5.3 h, pH 6.5 to 7.2
 NaHCO3; pancreatin; bile* 1 mL/min
Fed: 4.5 h, pH 6.5 to 7.2
Fed: 1.5 h, pH 5.0 to 2.0
Yu et al. 2006[113]
 Water bath, 90 rpm
 Filtration 0.45 μm
  
 Mucin; urea; KH2PO4; CaCl2.H2O; NaCl, KCl
 1/400
 2 h, pH 1.4
 NaCl; pepsin; HCl
 2 h, pH 6.5
 NaHCO3
Bruce et al. 2007[94]
 Ar
 Centrifugation (10,000 g; 15 min), filtration 0.22 μm
  
  
 1/100
 1 h pH 1.3 (fast) to 4 (fed)
 Pepsin; HCl; organic acids
 3 h pH 7.0
 NaHCO3; bile; pancreatin
Saikat et al. 2007[104]
  
 Centrifugation (2,100 g; 25 min)
  
  
 1/38-1/100
 1 h pH 1.1 or 2.5
 Pepsin; organic acids; HCl
 4 h, pH 5.5 or 7.0
 NaHCO3; pancreatin; bile
Triantafyllidou et al. 2007[26]
 Gentle mixing
 No separation
  
  
 1/16,667
 3 h, pH 1.2
 NaCl; pepsin; HCl
  
  
Turner and Ip 2007[127]
 End-over-end
 Centrifugation (2,100 g;10 min)
  
  
 1/200
 2 h, pH 2.5
 Pepsin; HCl; Na malate & citrate; lactic & acetic acids
 4 h, pH 7.0
 NaHCO3; bile; pancreatin
Van De Wiele et al. 2007[87]
 Water rotator set
 Filtration 0.45 μm
  
  
 1/100
 1 h pH 2.5
 Pepsin; HCl; Na citrate & malate; lactate, acetate
 4 h, pH 7.0
 NaHCO3; bile; pancreatin
Bosso and Enzweiler 2008; Bosso et al. 2008[107,114]
 Slow orbital + Ar flux
 Centrifugation (5,000 rpm; 20 min)
  
  
 1/100
 1 h, pH 1.7
 Pepsin; HCl; citric, malic, acetic, & lactic acids
 2 h, pH 7.0
 NaHCO3; bile; pancreatin
Turner et al. 2009[128]
 Constant, lateral
 Centrifugation (2,000 g; 10 min)
  
  
 1/100-1/143
 1 h, pH 2.5
 Pepsin; HCl; Na malate, citrate; lactic & acetic acids
 4 h, pH 7.0
 NaHCO3; bile; pancreatin
Sialelli et al. 2010[115] Orbital, 150 rpm       1/100 1 h, pH 1.5 Pepsin; HCl; Na citrate; malic & lactic acids 3.5 h, pH 7.0 Pancreatin, NaHCO3