Table 1. Characteristics of prospective studies on the association between general obesity [measured using body mass index (BMI)] and risk of colorectal cancer.
| Source | Location/Period | Sex | Range of age | No. of Cases(Cancer Type) | No. of Participants | Measure/Range of BMI (kg/m2) | RR (95% CI) | Per N-unitIncrease, RR (95% CI) | Study Qualitya | Adjustment for Covariates |
| Park et al, 2011 | United Kingdom1993–1997 | F/M | 40–79 | 197(CRC) (F)160 (CRC) (M)238 (CC)113 (RC) | 24,244 | <22.7 (Q1) (CRC) (F)≥29.4 (Q5) (CRC) (F)<23.9 (Q1) (CRC) (M)≥28.9 (Q5) (CRC) (M) | 1.57 (0.91–2.73) (CRC) (F)1.06 (0.67–1.69) (CRC) (M) | Per 4-unit,0.84 (0.58–1.19) (CRC) (F)0.86 (0.60–1.24) (CRC) (M) | 8 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, physical activity, family history of CRC, energy intake, folate, fibre, red meat intake |
| Odegaard et al, 2011 | Singapore1993–1998 | F/M | 45–74 | 980 (CRC)596 (CC)384 (RC) | 51,251 | 21.5–24.4 (Q3) (CRC)≥27.5 (Q5) (CRC) | 1.25 (1.01–1.55) (CRC)1.48 (1.13–1.92) (CC)0.93 (0.64–1.36) (RC) | NR | 8 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, year of enrollment, dialect, education, diabetes status, familial history of cancer, dietary pattern score, physical activity, sleep and energy intake |
| Matsuo et al, 2011 | Japanaverage follow-up: 11.0 years | F/M | NR | 1,924 (CRC) (F)1,534 (CC) (F)710 (PCC) (F)609 (DCC) (F)735 (RC) (F)3,055 (CRC) (M)1,919 (CC) (M)710 (PCC) (M)946 (DCC) (M)1,111 (RC) (M) | 341,384 | 21–23 (Q3) (CRC)≥30.00 (Q7) (CRC) | 1.30 (1.00–1.68) (CRC) (F)1.39 (1.02–1.90) (CC) (F)1.26 (0.79–1.99) (PCC) (F)1.76 (1.06–2.91) (DCC) (F)1.33 (0.82–2.15) (RC) (F)1.50 (1.15–1.96) (CRC) (M)1.37 (0.96–1.98) (CC) (M)1.55 (0.83–2.88) (PCC) (M)1.80 (1.11–2.92) (DCC) (M)1.85 (1.23–2.78) (RC) (M) | Per 1-unit,1.02 (1.00–1.03) (CRC) (F)1.04 (1.03–1.06) (CC) (F)1.03 (1.01–1.06) (PCC) (F)1.03 (1.00–1.06) (DCC) (F)1.00 (0.99–1.00) (RC) (F)1.03 (1.02–1.04) (CRC) (M)1.04 (1.02–1.06) (CC) (M)1.04(1.01–1.06) (PCC) (M)1.05(1.03–1.08) (DCC) (M)1.02 (1.00–1.04) (RC) (M) | 7 | Age, area,smoking, alcohol consumption, energy intake, red meat intake, fiber, calcium intake, folate intake and physical activity |
| Levi et al, 2011 | Israel1967–2005 | M | 16–19 | 445 (CC)193 (RC) | 939,471 | <19.01(Q1) (CRC)≥23.63(Q5) (CRC) | 1.69 (1.24–2.29) (CC)0.86 (0.54–1.34) (RC) | NR | 8 | Age, year of birth, country of origin, residence (rural or urban), immigration status, socioeconomic status, and height |
| Hughes et al, 2011 | Netherlands1986–2002 | F/M | 55–69 | 2,316 (CRC)1,106 (CRC) (F)459 (PCC) (F)327 (DCC) (F)205 (RC) (F)1,211 (CRC) (M)327 (PCC) (M)427 (DCC) (M)299 (RC) (M) | 120,852 | 15.4–22.1 (Q1) (CRC) (F)27.6–41.4 (Q5) (CRC) (F)16.1–23.0 (Q1) (CRC) (M)27.1–39.6 (Q5) (CRC) (M) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) (CRC) (F)0.91 (0.65–1.28) (PCC) (F)1.04 (0.72–1.50) (DCC) (F)1.07 (0.67–1.60) (RC) (F)1.25 (0.96–1.62) (CRC) (M)1.35 (0.90–1.98) (PCC) (M)1.38 (0.95–1.98) (DCC) (M)1.01 (0.67–1.51) (RC) (M) | Per 5-unit0.98 (0.88–1.10) (CRC) (F)1.02 (0.87–1.18) (PCC) (F)0.95 (0.79–1.14) (DCC) (F)1.05 (0.83–1.31) (RC) (F)Per 5-unit1.25 (1.05–1.46) (CRC) (M)1.19 (0.92–1.54) (PCC) (M)1.42 (1.13–1.79) (DCC) (M)1.02 (0.79–1.32) (RC) (M) | 7 | Age, smoking, alcohol consumption, energy intake, physical activity, education, family history of CRC |
| Oxentenko et al, 2010 | United States1986–2005 | F | 55–69 | 1,464 (CRC) | 36,941 | ≤23.45 (Q1) (CRC)≥29.52 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.29 (1.10–1.51) (CRC) | NR | 8 | Age, age at menopause, exogenous estrogen use, oral contraceptive use, smoking, physical activity, selfreported diabetes mellitus, energy intake, red meat intake, fruits and vegetables, calcium, folate, vitamin E and alcohol consumption |
| Bassett et al, 2010 | Australia1990–2007 | F/M | 40–69 | 569 (CC)292 (CC) (F)277 (CC) (M) | 23,438 (F)16,188 (M) | 23.0–25.0 (Q2) (CC)≥30.0 (Q4) (CC) | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) (CC) (F)1.51 (1.00–2.28) (CC) (M) | Per 5-unit,1.01 (0.86–1.18) (CC) (F)1.39 (1.12–1.71) (CC) (M) | 8 | country of birth, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption, education, red meat intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, fat intake, energy intake, |
| Wang et al, 2008 | United States 1997–2005 | F/M | >45 | 953 (CRC)407 (CRC) (F)314 (CC) (F)93 (RC) (F)546 (CRC) (M)402 (CC) (M)142 (RC) (M) | 95,151 (CRC) (F/M)51,083 (CRC) (F)44,068 (CRC) (M) | 18.5–24.9 (Q1) (CRC)≥35.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.62 (1.04–2.54) (CRC) (F)1.40 (0.84–2.36) (CC) (F)2.67 (1.09–6.54) (RC) (F)1.76 (1.12–2.76) (CRC) (M)1.93 (1.14–3.28) (CC) (M)1.38 (0.58–3.28) (RC) (M) | NR | 8 | Height, smoking, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, NSAID use, multivitamin use, and history of colorectal endoscopy, HRT use |
| Thygesen et al, 2008 | United States 1986–2004 | M | 40–75 | 765 (CC) | 46,389 | 20.1–22.5 (Q2) (CC)≥35.0 (Q6) (CC) | 2.29 (1.23–4.26) (CC) | NR | 8 | Smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, folate, methionine, vitamin D, calcium, energy intake, red meat intake, multivitamin use, aspirin use, endoscopic screening and family history of CRC |
| Wang et al, 2007 | United States 1992–2003 | F | NR | 814 (CRC) | 73,842 | 18.5–24.9 (T1) (CRC)>30.0 (T3) (CRC) | 1.19 (0.97–1.45) (CRC) | Per 5-unit,1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 7 | Age, smoking, education, history of colorectal endoscopy, HRT use, NSAID use, multivitamin use, physical activity, and history of diabetes |
| Reeves et al, 2007 | United Kingdom1996–2001 | F | 50–64 | 4,008 (CRC) | 1,222,630 | 22.5–24.9 (Q2) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q5) (CRC) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) (CRC) | Per 10-unit,1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 7 | Age, smoking, geographical region, socioeconomic status, reproductive history, alcohol consumption, physical activity, time since menopause and use of HRT. |
| Lundqvist et al, 2007 | Sweden 1969–2004 | F/M | 43–96(Older) | 513 (CC)324 (RC) | 24,821 (Older) | 18.5–25.0 (Q2) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) (CC)0.7 (0.4–1.2) (RC) | Per 1-unit,1.02 (0.99–1.05) (CC)1.00 (0.97–1.04) (RC) | 7 | Age, sex, country, smoking, physical activity, education and diabetes |
| Lundqvist et al, 2007 | Sweden 1969–2004 | F/M | 18–47 (Younger) | 204 (CC)154 (RC) | 43,328 (Younger) | 18.50–25.0 (Q2) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) (CC)0.9 (0.3–2.5) (RC) | Per 1-unit,1.02(0.97–1.06) (CC)1.00(0.95–1.06) (RC) | 6 | Age, sex, country, smoking, physical activity, education and diabetes |
| Driver et al, 2007 | United States1982–2004 | M | 40–84 | 485 (CRC)355 (CC)100 (RC) | 21,581 | <25.0 (T1) (CRC)≥30 (T3) (CRC)<25.0 (CC)>25.0 (CC)<25.0 (RC)>25.0 (RC) | 1.62 (1.09–2.42) (CRC)1.38 (1.11–1.70) (CC)1.19 (0.80–1.77) (RC) | NA | 8 | History of diabetes, physical activity, vegetable intake, cold cereal intake, vitamin C, vitamin E, and multivitamin intake |
| Adams et al, 2007 | United States1995–2000 | F/M | 50–71 | 1,029 (CRC) (F)769 (CC) (F)278 (RC) (F)2,314 (CRC) (M)1,676 (CC) (M)677 (RC) (M) | 209,436 (F)307,708 (M) | 18.5–23 (Q1) (CRC)≥40 (Q8) (CRC)18.5–23 (Q1) (CC)≥40 (Q8) (CC)18.5–23 (Q1) (RC)≥35 (Q7) (RC) | 1.28 (0.88–1.85) (CRC) (F)1.49 (0.98–2.25) (CC) (F)1.44 (0.92–2.25) (RC) (F)2.05 (1.45–2.91) (CRC) (M)2.39 (1.59–3.58) (CC) (M)1.00 (0.68–1.58) (RC) (M) | NR | 7 | Age, alcohol consumption, smoking, supplemental calcium, red meat intake, and HRT use in women |
| Samanic et al, 2006 | Sweden 1971–1999 | M | 18–67 | 1,795 (CC)1,362 (RC) | 362,552 | 18.5–24.9 (Q2)>30.0 (Q4) | 1.74 (1.48–2.04) (CC)1.36 (1.13–1.66) (RC) | NR | 7 | Age and calendar year, smoking, and relative to normal weight subjects |
| Pischon et al, 2006 | Europe 1992–2000 | F/M | 25–70 | 1,570 (CRC)984 (CC)586 (RC)563 (CC) (F)291 (RC) (F)421 (CC) (M)295 (RC) (M) | 238,546(F)129,731(M) | <25.0 (T1) (CC) (F/M)≥30.0 (T3) (CC) (F/M)<21.7 (Q1) (RC) (F)≥28.9 (Q5) (RC) (F)<23.6 (Q1) (RC) (M)≥29.4 (Q5) (RC) (M) | 1.07 (0.82–1.38) (CC) (F)1.06 (0.71–1.58) (RC) (F)1.41 (1.06–1.88) (CC) (M)1.05 (0.72–1.55) (RC) (M) | Per 1-unit,1.02(1.00–1.04) (CC) (F)1.05(1.02–1.08) (CC) (M)NR (RC) | 8 | smoking, education, alcohol consumption, physical activity, fiber intake, and red meat intake, fish and shellfish, and fruits and vegetables |
| MacInnis et al, 2006 | Australia 1990–2003 | F | 40–69 | 212 (CC) | 24,072 | <25.0 (T1) (CC)≥30.0 (T3) (CC) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) (CC) | Per 5-unit,1.04 (0.90–1.20) (CC) | 7 | Country of birth, education and HRT use |
| MacInnis et al, 2006 | Australia 1990–2003 | F/M | 27–75 | 229 (RC) | 24,247 (F)16,867 (M) | <25.0 (T1) (RC)≥30.0 (T3) (RC) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) (RC) (F/M)1.1 (0.7–1.9) (RC) (F)1.3 (0.8–2.4) (RC) (M) | Per 5-unit,1.03 (0.88–1.21) (RC) (F/M)0.98 (0.80–1.22) (RC) (F)1.09 (0.86–1.38) (RC) (M) | 7 | Age, sex, and country of birth |
| Lukanova et al, 2006 | Sweden 1985–2003 | F/M | 29–61 | 108 (CRC) (F)76 (CC) (F)31 (RC) (F)136 (CRC) (M)73 (CC) (M)58 (RC) (M) | 35,362 (F)33,424 (M) | 18.5–24.9 (T1) (CRC)≥30.0 (T3) (CRC) | 2.01 (1.22–3.27) (CRC) (F)2.25 (1.25–3.98 (CC) (F)1.30 (0.42–3.45) (RC) (F)1.61 (0.95–2.65) (CRC) (M)1.43 (0.62–3.02) (CC) (M)1.96 (0.96–3.86) (RC) (M) | NR | 6 | Age, calendar year and smoking, |
| Larsson et al, 2006 | Sweden 1997–2005 | M | 45–79 | 464 (CRC)284 (CC)120 (PC)129 (DC)180 (RC) | 45,906 | <23.0 (Q1) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q5) (CRC) | 1.54 (1.08–2.21) (CRC)1.60 (1.03–2.48) (CC)1.43 (0.71–2.88) (PC)1.49 (0.78–2.84) (DC)1.44 (0.79–2.61) (RC) | Per 1-unit,1.04 (1.01–1.07) (CRC) | 7 | Age, education, smoking, family history of CRC, history of diabetes, aspirin use, and physical activity |
| Bowers et al, 2006 | Finland 1985–2002 | M | 53–62 | 410(CR)227 (CC)183 (RC) | 28,983 | <18.5 (Q1) (CRC)>30.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.66 (1.27–2.18) (CRC)1.78 (1.25–2.55) (CC)1.51 (0.99–2.29) (RC) | NR | 6 | Age, smoking |
| Ahmed et al, 2006 | United States1987–2000 | F/M | 45–64 | 194 (CRC)87 (CRC) (F)107 (CRC) (M) | 14,109 | <25.0 (CRC) (F/M)≥35.0 (CRC) (F/M)<23.4 (CRC) (F)≥31.3 (CRC) (F)<24.7 (CRC) (M)≥29.8 (CRC) (M) | 1.54 (0.9–2.8) (CRC) (F/M)1.26 (0.6–2.6) (CRC) (F)1.52 (0.9–2.7) (CRC) (M) | NR | 8 | Age, sex, family history of CRC, physical activity, NSAID use, aspirin use, smoking, alcohol consumption, and HRT use |
| Rapp et al, 2005 | Austria 1985–2001 | F/M | 18–93 | 271 (CC) (F)133 (RC) (F)260 (CC) (M)138 (RC) (M) | 145,931 (F/M)78,484 (F)67,447 (M) | 18.5–24.9 (Q1) (CRC)≥35.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 0.88 (0.43–1.81) (CC) (F)0.96 (0.38–2.39) (RC) (F)2.48 (1.15–5.39) (CC) (M)1.66 (1.01–2.73) (RC) (M) | NR | 7 | Age, smoking, occupational group |
| Otani et al, 2005 | Japan 1990–2001 | F/M | 40–69 | 986 (CRC)360 (CRC) (F) 229 (CC) (F)131 (RC) (F)626 (CRC) (M)424 (CC) (M)202 (RC) (M) | 102,949 (F/M)53,791 (F)49,158 (M) | <25.0 (Q1) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) (CRC) (F)0.5 (0.2–1.4) (CC) (F)0.5 (0.1–2.1) (PC) (F)0.6 (0.1–2.5) (DC) (F)1.3 (0.5–3.1) (RC) (F)1.5 (0.9–2.5) (CRC) (M)1.4 (0.7–2.8) (CC) (M)1.8 (0.7–5.0) (PC) (M)1.3 (0.5–3.2) (DC) (M)1.6 (0.6–3.9) (RC) (M) | NR | 8 | Age, Public Health Center areas, smoking, alcohol consumption, miso soup intake, refraining from salty foods and animal fats |
| Oh et al, 2005 | Korea 1992–2001 | M | ≥20 | 953 (CC) (M)1,563 (RC) (M) | 781,283 | 18.5–22.9 (Q2) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q6) (CRC) | 1.92 (1.15–3.22) (CC)1.08 (0.56–2.10) (RC) | NR | 8 | Age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, family history of cancer, and residency area at baseline |
| Kuriyama et al, 2005 | Japan/1984–1992 | F/M | ≥40 | 270 (CRC) (F/M)115 (CRC) (F)72 (CC) (F)42 (RC) (F)155 (CRC) (M)88 (CC) (M)67 (RC) (M) | 27,539 (F/M)15,054 (F)12,485 (M) | 18.5–24.9 (Q1) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 2.06 (1.03–4.13) (CRC) (F)2.25 (0.95–5.33) (CC) (F)1.03 (0.13–8.01) (PC) (F)2.86 (0.98–8.37) (DC) (F)1.21 (0.29–5.14) (RC) (F)1.78 (0.73–4.38) (CRC) (M)1.30 (0.32–5.37) (CC) (M)1.71 (0.23–12.92) (PC) (M)1.41 (0.19–10.52) (DC) (M)2.41 (0.74–7.85) (RC) (M) | NR | 8 | Age, smoking, alcohol consumption, red meat intake, consumption of fish, fruits, vegetables, bean-paste soup, type of health insurance, menopausal status, parity, age at menarche, age at end of first pregnancy |
| Engeland et al, 2005 | Norway 1963–2001 | F/M | 20–74 | 47,117 (CRC)24,130 (CRC) (F)16,638 (CC) (F)7,492 (RC) (F)22,987 (CRC) (M)13,805 (CC) (M)9,182 (RC) (M) | 1,037,077 (F)962,901 (M) | 18.5–24.9 (Q2) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) (CRC) (F)1.07 (1.02–1.12) (CC) (F)1.04 (0.97–1.11) (RC) (F)1.40 (1.32–1.48) (CRC) (M)1.49 (1.39–1.60) (CC) (M)1.27 (1.16–1.38) (RC) (M) | NR | 6 | Age |
| Wei et al, 2004 | United States1980–2000 | F/M | 30–75 | 1139 (CC) (F/M)339 (RC) (F/M)671 (CC) (F)204 (RC) (F)452 (CC) (M)132 (RC) (M) | 87,733 (CRC) (F)46,632 (CRC) (M) | <23.0 (Q1) (CRC)>30.0 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.39 (1.14–1.69) (CC) (F/M)1.40 (0.96–2.03) (RC) (F/M)1.28 (1.10–1.62) (CC) (F)1.56 (1.01–2.42) (RC) (F)1.85 (1.26–2.72) (CC) (M)1.03 (0.49–2.14) (RC) (M) | Per 5-unit,1.06 (1.03–1.10) (CRC) | 8 | Age, family history of CRC, physical activity, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, calcium, folate, height, smoking, history of endoscopy and gender in combined cohort |
| Moore et al,2004 | United States1948–1999 | F/M | 30–54 | 157 (CC) (F/M)86 (CC) (F)71 (CC) (M) | 3764 (Younger) | 18.5–25 (T1) (CC)≥30 (T3) (CC) | 1.5 (0.92–2.5) (CC) (F/M)1.6 (0.90–3.0) (PC) (F/M)1.4 (0.55–3.6) (DC) (F/M)1.3 (0.65–2.7) (CC) (F)2.0 (0.98–4.2) (CC) (M) | NR | 8 | Age, sex, education, height, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity |
| Moore et al, 2004 | United States1948–1999 | F/M | 55–79 | 149 (CC) (F/M)80 (CC) (F)69 (CC) (M) | 3802 (Older) | 18.5–25.0 (T1) (CC)≥30.0 (T3) (CC) | 2.4 (1.5–3.9) (CC) (F/M)2.9 (1.6–5.2) (PC) (F/M)1.8 (0.75–4.3) (DC) (F/M)1.9 (0.98–3.5) (CC) (F)3.7 (1.7–8.1) (CC) (M) | NR | 8 | Age, sex, education, height, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity |
| MacInnis et al, 2004 | Australia 1991–2002 | M | 27–75 | 153 (CC) | 17,049 | <24.8 (Q1) (CC)>29.2 (Q4) (CC) | 1.70 (1.10–2.80) (CC) | Per 5-unit,1.29 (1.04–1.60) (CC) | 7 | Age, country of birth, and education |
| Lin et al, 2004 | United StatesFrom 1993, average follow-up: 8.7 years | F | ≥45 | 158 (CC) | 39,876 | <23.0 (Q1) (CRC)≥30.0 (Q5) (CRC) | 1.67 (1.08–2.59) (CRC)1.73 (1.05–2.85) (CC)2.59 (1.34–5.01) (PC)0.93 (0.41–2.14) (DC)1.55 (0.64–3.77) (RC) | NR | 8 | Age, randomized treatment assignment, family history of CRC, history of colon polyps, physical activity, smoking, baseline aspirin use, red meat intake, alcohol consumption, menopausal status and baseline postmenopausal hormone therapy use |
| Shimizu et al, 2003 | Japan 1993–2000 | F/M | ≥35 | 134 (CRC) (F)89 (CC) (F)41 (RC) (F)161 (CRC) (M)104 (CC) (M)58 (RC) (M) | 29,051 (F/M)15,659 (F)13,392 (M) | ≤21.2 (T1) (CRC)≥23.6 (T3) (CRC) | 1.22 (0.69–2.15) (CC) (F)0.83 (0.35–1.99) (RC) (F)2.11 (1.26–3.53) (CC) (M)0.83 (0.42–1.64) (RC) (M) | NR | 7 | Age, height, alcohol consumption, smoking, education, physical activity |
| Terry et al, 2002 | Canada 1980–1993 | F | 40–59 | 527 (CRC)363 (CC)164 (RC) | 89,835 | <25.0(T1) (CRC)≥30 (T3) (CRC) | 1.08 (0.82–1.41) (CRC)0.95 (0.67–1.34) (CC)0.81 (0.48–1.38) (PC)1.31 (0.79–2.16) (DC)1.35 (0.87–2.07) (RC) | NR | 7 | Age, smoking, education, physical activity, oral contraceptive use, HRT, and parity |
| Terry et al, 2001 | Sweden 1987–1998 | F | 40–76 | 460 (CRC)291 (CC)118 (PC)101 (DC)159 (RC) | 61,463 | <22.0 (Q1) (CRC)>26.7 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.24 (0.95–1.62) (CRC)1.21 (0.86–1.70) (CC)1.13 (0.66–1.94) (PC)1.21 (0.67–2.19) (DC)1.32 (0.83–2.08) (RC) | NR | 8 | Age, education, quartiles of intakes of energy, alcohol, red meat intake, total fat, folate, vitamin D, vitamin C and calcium |
| Kaaks et al, 2000 | United States1985–1998 | F | 35–65 | 100 (CRC)73 (CC) | 14,275 | Q1 (CRC)Q5 (CRC) | 2.83 (1.23–6.54) (CRC)3.07 (1.12–8.41) (CC) | NR | 8 | Age, menopausal status, day of menstrual cycle, and time of last food consumption, smoking |
| Schoen et al, 1999 | United States 1989–1996 | F/M | ≥65 | 102 (CRC) | 5,849 | 14.6–23.2 (Q1) (F)29.61–58.8 (Q4) (F)15.6–23.9 (Q1) (M)28.51–46.2 (Q4) (M) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) (CRC) (F/M) | Per 1-unit,1.1 (0.9–1.3) (CRC) (F/M) | 6 | Age, sex, and physical activity |
| Ford et al, 1999 | United States1971–1992 | F/M | 25–74 | 222 (CC) (F/M)118 (CC) (F)104 (CC) (M) | 13,420 (F/M)7,914 (F)5,506 (M) | <22.0 (CC) (Q1)≥30 (CC) (Q6) | 2.79 (1.22–6.35) (CC) (F/M)2.74 (1.04–7.25) (CC) (F)2.95 (0.99–8.74) (CC) (M) | NR | 8 | Age, sex, race, education, smoking, serum cholesterol concentration, recreational exercise, physical activity, and alcohol consumption |
| Singh et al, 1998 | United States1976–1982 | F/M | ≥25 | 83 (CC) (F)59 (CC) (M) | 32,051 | <22.5(T1) (CC)>25.6(T3) (CC) | 1.33(0.88–2.06) (CC) (F/M)1.05(0.63–1.75) (CC) (F)2.63(1.12–6.13) (CC) (M) | NR | 7 | Age, sex, and family history of CRC |
| Chyou et al, 1996 | United States1965–1995 | M | ≥45 | 330 (CC) (M)123 (RC) (M) | 7,945 | <21.7 (Q1) (CRC)≥25.8 (Q4) (CRC) | 1.38 (1.01–1.90) (CC)0.63 (0.38–1.04) (RC) | Per 1-unit,1.06 (1.03–1.10) (CRC) | 6 | Age |
| Bostick et al, 1994 | United States1986–1990 | F | 55–69 | 212 (CC) (F) | 35,215 (F) | <22.9 (Q1) (CC)>30.6 (Q5) (CC) | 1.41 (0.90–2.23) (CC) | NR | 8 | Age, energy intake, height, parity, total vitamin E intake, a total vitamin E by age interaction term, and vitamin A supplement intake |
| Lee et al, 1992 | United States1962–1988 | M | NA | 290 (CC) | 17,595 | <22.5 (Q1) (CC)z26.0 (Q5) (CC) | 1.01.52 (1.06–2.17) (CC) | Per 1-unit,1.08 (1.04–1.13) (CC) | 7 | Age, physical activity, and family history of cancer |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRC, colorectal cancer; CC, colon cancer; RC, rectal cancer; DCC, distal colon cancer; PCC, proximal colon cancer; F, female; M, male; T, tertile; Q, quartile/quintile; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; NR, not report.
a
Study quality was judged based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (range, 1–9 stars).