Normally expressed pathway. TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; Rheb-GTP, Ras homolog enriched in brain; PI3K, phosphor-inositide 3-kinase; TORC1, mTOR complex 1; mTOR, serine/threonine-protein kinase; Deptor, DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein; Raptor, Regulatory-associated protein of mTOR; mLST8, target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8; PRAS40, proline-rich Akt/PKB substrate 1 (40 kDa). (Figure by Eirini Sarika and Paul Zarogoulidis).