. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Autism Dev Disord. 2013 Apr;43(4):761–774. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1605-x

Table 3.

Means, standard deviations, overall F, and paired comparisons by group at ages 3,4,5 years

Negative Parenting: Structured
Age	ASD	CP	DS	UDD	TD	F
3 years: M (S.D.)	4.86^b (1.92)	5.11^b (0.98)	5.53^b (1.09)	4.47^b (1.22)	3.56^a (1.16)	12.39^***
4 years	4.90^cb (1.85)	4.54^cb (1.43)	5.12^c (1.55)	3.97^b (1.19)	3.28^a (0.97)	12.79^***
5 years	4.03^b (1.59)	4.46^b (1.71)	4.12^b (1.05)	3.41^b (1.33)	2.77^a (0.85)	11.40^***

Negative Parenting: Unstructured
Age	ASD	CP	DS	UDD	TD	F
3 years	4.58^b (2.19)	3.89^ba (1.17)	3.90^ab (1.29)	4.24^b (1.83)	3.19^a (1.34)	5.22^**
4 years	4.50^b (2.20)	3.56^ab (1.33)	4.40^b (1.71)	3.51^ab (1.68)	3.09^a (1.15)	4.66^**
5 years	4.17^b (1.03)	3.44^ab (1.33)	4.20^b (1.69)	3.35^ab (1.50)	2.74^a (2.74)	6.41^***

Positive Parenting: Structured
Age	ASD	CP	DS	UDD	TD	F
3 years	6.90^ab (2.41)	5.48^ab (1.43)	7.05^ab (1.23)	5.81^b (1.97)	7.18^a (1.94)	4.67^**
4 years	6.38 (2.62)	6.41 (2.85)	7.75 (1.29)	6.70 (1.97)	6.89 (2.39)	0.64
5 years	7.32 (2.08)	5.81 (2.66)	8.67 (1.96)	6.59 (2.07)	7.13 (2.18)	2.64^*

Positive Parenting: Unstructured
Age	ASD	CP	DS	UDD	TD	F
3 years	9.33^ab (3.45)	7.11^ab (3.48)	11.00^ac (2.06)	7.81^b (2.95)	9.37^a (2.78)	4.43^**
4 years	7.67 (2.77)	6.11 (3.22)	10.30 (3.02)	8.27 (2.45)	7.97 (3.13)	2.50^*
5 years	7.67^abc (2.57)	7.11^ab (3.06)	11.00^b (2.11)	7.24^ac (2.81)	7.58^ac (3.14)	3.87^*

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.

Note: ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorders; CP = Cerebral Palsy; DS = Down Syndrome UDD = Undifferentiated Developmental Delays; TD = Typical Cognitive Development

Reading across rows, groups with different superscripts differed at p < .05 (e.g. In the first row, for negative parenting: structured, the syndrome groups do not differ but all differ from TD).