Table 3.
Schizophrenia, Aging, and their Interaction on Cognition across the Lifespan
| Schizophrenia × Aging* | Overall | Schizophrenia | Age Group | Sex | Education | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| TMA | 1.35, df=3,552 | 73.19, df=6,555 | 143.16, df=1,555 | 37.82, df=3,555 | 0.72, df=1,555 | 24.09, df=1,555 |
| p=0.2584 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.3979 | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| DSC | 0.09, df=3,556 | 87.07, df=6,559 | 133.51, df=1,559 | 38.21, df=3,559 | 6.91, df=1,559 | 64.19, df=1,559 |
| p=0.9678 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.0088 (F) | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| HVLTR | 1.17, df=3,556 | 64.29, df=6,559 | 105.21, df=1,559 | 14.09, df=3,559 | 9.28, df=1,559 | 59.26, df=1,559 |
| p=0.3198 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.0024 (F) | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| SSP | 0.99, df=3,556 | 32.70, df=6,559 | 58.67, df=1,559 | 6.45, df=3,559 | 15.07, df=1,559 | 46.00, df=1,559 |
| p=0.3948 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.0003 | p=0.0001 (M) | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| LNS | 1.74, df=3,554 | 48.98, df=6,557 | 92.63, df=1,557 | 3.52, df=3,557 | 2.82, df=1,557 | 67.13, df=1,557 |
| p=0.1577 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.0150 | p=0.0934 | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| Mazes | 0.66, df=3,556 | 84.86, df=6,559 | 96.58, df=1,559 | 79.83, df=3,559 | 9.87, df=1,559 | 21.20, df=1,559 |
| p=0.5797 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.0018 (M) | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| BVMTR | 0.10, df=3,556 | 54.98, df=6,559 | 75.42, df=1,559 | 37.20, df=3,559 | 1.40, df=1,559 | 38.48, df=1,559 |
| p=0.9585 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.2378 | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| CFT | 0.27, df=3,557 | 36.81, df=6,560 | 47.13, df=1,560 | 10.11, df=3,560 | <0.01, df=1,560 | 51.38, df=1,560 |
| p=0.8440 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.9981 | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| MSCEIT | 0.55, df=3,551 | 37.88, df=6,554 | 109.07, df=1,554 | F=2.85, df=3,554 | 6.48, df=1,554 | 17.74, df=1,554 |
| p=0.6484 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.0366 | p=0.0112 (F) | p<0.0001 | |
|
| ||||||
| CPT-IP | 0.93, df=3,553 | 37.43, df=6,556 | 60.02, df=1,556 | 7.93, df=3,556 | 2.55, df=1,556 | 49.85, df=1,556 |
| p=0.4236 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p<0.0001 | p=0.1109 | p<0.0001 | |
The initial model included the interaction term. Then, due to the lack of significance of the interaction, it was removed and the model was refit excluding it. The remaining columns refer to the model parameters and significance associated with the model in which the interaction has been removed
All values are F-values except when indicated; F: females performed better than makes; M: males performed better than females; BVMTR: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (Total recall score over three learning trials); CFT: Category Fluency (Total number of animals named in 60 seconds); CPT-IP: Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (Mean d′ value across 2-, 3-, and 4-digit conditions); DSC: Digit Symbol Coding (Number of correct responses); HVLTR: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (Total number of words recalled correctly over three learning trials); LNS: Letter Number Span (Number of correct trials); Mazes (Total raw score); MSCEIT: Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test: Managing Emotions (Branch standard score using general consensus scoring); SSP: Spatial Span (Sum of raw scores on forward and backward conditions); and TMA: Trails Making A (Time to completion – seconds).