Table 1.

Biomarker summary.

Biomarker	Standardized Test?	Diagnostic Use?	Prognostic Use?	Predictive Use?	Druggable Target?
MGMT promoter methylation	No	No	Yes	Yes	No
	MSP, pyrosequencing, RT-PCR		Anaplastic glioma	Elderly GBM
IDH1/2 mutation	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
	IHC (IDH1-R132H). Sequencing	Can aid in the differential diagnosis of grade II/III glioma from pilocytic astrocytoma, ependymomas and reactive gliosis Can detect the infiltration of tumor cells in normal tissue	Prognostically favourable Indicative of secondary GBM		Mutant IDH1 is considered to be a potentialtherapeutic target; however no treatments are available as yet
TP53mutation	No	Yes	No	No	No
	IHC is commonly used however this is not representative of a mutation	Genetic hallmark in 60-70% of low-grade diffuseastrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and secondary GBMs	Some studies have found a shorter time interval to progression in patients with TP53 mutant low-grade astrocytoma
EGFR amplification	Yes	Limited	No	No	Yes
	IHC does not differentiate between EGFR amplification and overexpression	EGFR amplification indicates primary GBM			Cetuximab Erlotinib Gefitinib Gefitinib EGFRvIII: rhindopepimut
VEGF	No	No	No	No	Yes
	IHC, but not used clinically				bevacizumab