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Closed-loop stimulation is required to robustly clamp population firing. (Top) The average neuronal firing rate over 1 min periods across 15 trials. Half-way through a multichannel population clamp protocol, real-time voltage updates stop and microstimulation is applied in open-loop. Error bars are ± standard deviation. (Bottom) The mean electrode stimulation voltage across 10 stimulating electrodes, for each of the 15 trials.
