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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 18.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011 Oct 12;22(9):1012–1018. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.005

Fig. 1. Methods of regulating BMP responsiveness.

Fig. 1

Extracellular antagonists bind to BMP ligands and prevent the ligands from interacting with receptors. BMP9 BMP10 bind to non-angiogenic heteromeric receptor complexes consisting of BMPRII and ALK1, which may limit the availability of angiogenic ligand-receptor complexes. In contrast, when angiogenic ligand-receptor complexes are formed, and inhibitory BMP ligands are absent, co-SMAD is translocated into the nucleus and promotes the transcription of BMP target genes within endothelial cells. Alternative signaling pathways may also have important roles in regulating the intracelluar responses to BMP stimulus.