Table 1.
Multivariable predictors of retail clinic use 2007-20091
| Predictor |
Marginal Effect 2 |
95% Confdence
Interval |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Female | 0.9% | 0.84% to 0.98% |
| Male | REF | |
| Age category | ||
| <18 | −2.7% | −2.9% to −2.6% |
| 18-44 | REF | |
| 45-64 | −1.6% | −1.7% to −1.5% |
| Distance from home ZIP code to retail clinic | ||
| ≤1 mile | 7.5% | 6.6% to 8.4% |
| >1 to ≤5 miles | 5.1% | 4.3% to 5.9% |
| >5 to ≤10 miles | 3.8% | 2.8% to 4.7% |
| >10 to ≤20 miles | REF | |
| Income 3 | ||
| Low Income (<2X FPL) | REF | |
| Middle Income (2X FPL to $59,000) | 1.1% | 0.7% to 1.5% |
| High Income (> $59,000) | 2.6% | 2.1% to 3.1% |
| Health Status | ||
| No chronic conditions | REF | |
| 1 Chronic condition | −0.2% | −0.3% to −0.1% |
| 2+ Chronic conditions | −0.9% | −1.0% to −0.8% |
| Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) 4 | ||
| Enrollee lives in HPSA (ZIP code) | 0.0% | −0.4% to 0.4% |
| Enrollee does not live in HPSA (ZIP code) | REF | |
| Year | ||
| Year = 2007 | REF | |
| Year = 2008 | 5.8% | 5.5% to 6.1% |
| Year = 2009 | 7.9% | 7.5% to 8.3% |
1
Logistic model included fixed effects for insurance market areas (not included here). Standard errors clustered by ZIP code.
2
Increase in probability of retail clinic use associated. Estimated for average enrollee in the analysis population. All are significantly different from 0 at the 0.05 level except the HPSA indicator.
3
Median household income for ZIP code tabulation area. FPL = Federal poverty level.
4
Majority of population in ZIP code tabulation area lives in primary care health professional shortage area as defined by the Health Resources and Services Administration.