Table 3.
Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of daily food group expenditures and all-cause mortality (n=1781)
| Food category |
Quintile of daily food expenditure (NTD) |
P for trend | Per NTD 15 | Per NTD 15† | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||||||||||
|
Vegetable, range |
<8.20 |
8.21-13.9 |
14.0-20.6 |
20.7-29.7 |
>29.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Crude |
Ref. |
0.67 |
(0.51, 0.90) |
0.64 |
(0.46, 0.90) |
0.51 |
(0.38, 0.69) |
0.56 |
(0.39, 0.79) |
<0.001 |
0.83 |
(0.73, 0.94) |
0.80 |
(0.69, 0.93) |
| Model 1 |
Ref. |
0.82 |
(0.61, 1.09) |
0.78 |
(0.52, 1.17) |
0.55 |
(0.39, 0.78) |
0.74 |
(0.50, 1.08) |
0.022 |
0.88 |
(0.77, 1.01) |
0.84 |
(0.72, 0.99) |
| Model 2 |
Ref. |
0.87 |
(0.65, 1.17) |
0.83 |
(0.55, 1.25) |
0.58 |
(0.41, 0.83) |
0.79 |
(0.54, 1.15) |
0.041 |
0.91 |
(0.80, 1.04) |
0.87 |
(0.74, 1.01) |
|
Fruit, range |
0 |
0.10-9.37 |
9.38-17.1 |
17.2-29.5 |
>29.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Crude |
Ref. |
0.86 |
(0.65, 1.14) |
0.63 |
(0.46, 0.86) |
0.57 |
(0.43, 0.77) |
0.60 |
(0.43, 0.82) |
<0.001 |
0.86 |
(0.79, 0.93) |
0.84 |
(0.76, 0.93) |
| Model 1 |
Ref. |
0.92 |
(0.73, 1.17) |
0.62 |
(0.42, 0.92) |
0.64 |
(0.42, 0.99) |
0.69 |
(0.45, 1.05) |
0.020 |
0.90 |
(0.81, 1.22) |
0.88 |
(0.77, 1.00) |
| Model 2 |
Ref. |
1.02 |
(0.81, 1.28) |
0.76 |
(0.53, 1.09) |
0.78 |
(0.49, 1.27) |
0.80 |
(0.53, 1.22) |
0.219 |
0.95 |
(0.87, 1.04) |
0.92 |
(0.82, 1.04) |
|
Grain, range |
<5.11 |
5.11-7.40 |
7.50-10.0 |
10.1-14.4 |
>14.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Crude |
Ref. |
0.81 |
(0.55, 1.18) |
0.72 |
(0.51, 1.03) |
0.86 |
(0.62, 1.12) |
0.84 |
(0.56, 1.26) |
0.485 |
0.97 |
(0.79, 1.18) |
1.00 |
(0.82, 1.22) |
| Model 1 |
Ref. |
0.76 |
(0.51, 1.12) |
0.80 |
(0.54, 1.20) |
0.83 |
(0.59, 1.18) |
0.82 |
(0.52, 1.30) |
0.275 |
1.00 |
(0.81, 1.22) |
1.02 |
(0.83, 1.24) |
| Model 2 |
Ref. |
0.78 |
(0.53, 1.15) |
0.82 |
(0.56, 1.22) |
0.87 |
(0.62, 1.22) |
0.84 |
(0.54, 1.30) |
0.317 |
1.00 |
(0.81, 1.22) |
1.01 |
(0.82, 1.24) |
|
Animal-derived, range |
<14.6 |
14.7-27.3 |
27.4-41.0 |
41.1-61.6 |
>61.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Crude |
Ref. |
1.02 |
(0.69, 1.52) |
0.73 |
(0.49, 1.08) |
0.97 |
(0.60, 1.42) |
1.01 |
(0.69, 1.48) |
0.956 |
1.03 |
(0.99, 1.07) |
1.03 |
(0.99, 1.08) |
| Model 1* |
Ref. |
0.94 |
(0.67, 1.33) |
0.69 |
(0.44, 1.07) |
0.73 |
(0.50, 1.06) |
0.74 |
(0.44, 1.25) |
0.043 |
0.95 |
(0.82, 1.09) |
0.94 |
(0.81, 1.10) |
| Model 2* | Ref. | 1.02 | (0.72, 1.44) | 0.76 | (0.47, 1.23) | 0.82 | (0.55, 1.24) | 0.85 | (0.48, 1.51) | 0.246 | 0.97 | (0.84, 1.12) | 0.97 | (0.83, 1.13) |
Model 1: Adjusted simultaneously for total food, vegetable, fruit, and grain (but not animal-derived foods) expenditures, gender, age (y), ethnicity (Fukienese, Hakka, mainlander, indigenous), personal education (illiterate, primary and below, secondary education and above), living arrangement (lived alone, lived with spouse), personal income (<5000, 5000–19,999, ≥20,000 NTD/month), smoking (yes, no), alcohol drinking (yes, no), health status (good, fair, poor), physical activity (<1.5, 1.5-3, >3 MET/day), chewing ability (satisfactory, unsatisfactory), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5-23.9, 24–26.9, ≥27 kg/m2), diabetes mellitus (yes, no), and energy (kcal).
Model 2: Further adjusted for dietary diversity score.
*These models for animal-derived foods have also been adjusted for the same variables as for Models 1 and 2, except for grains.
† All subjects who died in the first year of follow-up were excluded.