. 2013 Jan 18;8(1):e54539. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054539

Table 3. Effects on brown treecreeper behaviour on particular substrates.

Target substrate	Behaviour	Parameter	Estimate (±s.e.)	Odds ratio	?²	d.f.	P
Branch	Foraging	*Fixed effects*
		• Vegetation			19.72	2	<0.001
		Medium	0.61 (±0.27)	1.84
		Low	−0.68 (±0.28)	0.51
		• Nest box			3.94	1	0.047
		With boxes	−0.73 (±0.37)	0.48
		• CWD site			0.82	1	0.365
		• Constant	−1.70 (±0.27)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.14				0.080
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.00
Branch	Vigilance	*Fixed effects*
		• Vegetation			11.67	2	0.003
		Medium	0.42 (±0.34)	1.52
		Low	−0.71 (±0.33)	0.49
		• CWD site			4.32	1	0.038
		In site	−1.17 (±0.56)	0.31
		• Nest box			2.20	1	0.138
		• Constant	−0.97 (±0.28)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.01				0.985
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.00
Branch	Resting and	*Fixed effects*
	Preening	• Vegetation			6.20	2	0.045
		Medium	0.85 (±0.51)	2.34
		Low	−0.30 (±0.47)	0.74
		• CWD site			0.43	1	0.513
		• Nest box			0.35	1	0.553
		• Constant	−1.22 (±0.46)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.00				0.985
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.09
Ground	Foraging	*Fixed effects*			1.11	2	0.574
		• Vegetation
		• CWD site			3.75	1	0.053
		• Nest box			0.11	1	0.746
		• Constant	−1.60 (±0.23)
		*Random effect*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.01				0.533
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.07
Ground	Vigilance	*Fixed effects*
		• Vegetation			0.13	2	0.938
		• CWD site			0.02	1	0.883
		• Nest box			0.10	1	0.756
		• Constant	−4.06 (±1.01)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.00				1.00
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.00
Ground	Resting and	*Fixed effects*
	Preening	• Vegetation			0.05	2	0.975
		• CWD site			0.00	1	1.000
		• Nest box			0.00	1	1.000
		• Constant	−14.6 (±163)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.00				1.000
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.00
Log	Foraging	*Fixed effects*
		• CWD site			6.56	1	0.010
		In site	0.98 (±0.38)	2.65
		• Vegetation			0.42	2	0.813
		• Nest box			0.17	1	0.678
		• Constant	−2.63 (±0.31)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.03				0.842
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.00
Log	Vigilance	*Fixed effects*
		• Vegetation			0.15	2	0.930
		• CWD site			1.52	1	0.218
		• Nest box			0.07	1	0.799
		• Constant	−0.84 (±0.29)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.00				0.434
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.11
Log	Resting and	*Fixed effects*
	Preening	• Vegetation			3.53	2	0.171
		• CWD site			0.65	1	0.421
		• Nest box			0.50	1	0.481
		• Constant	−0.38 (±0.45)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.23				0.260
		• Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.00
Trunk	Foraging	*Fixed effects*
		• Vegetation			7.99	2	0.018
		Medium	−0.56 (±0.23)	0.57
		Low	−0.01 (±0.19)	0.99
		• CWD site			11.68	1	<0.001
		In site	−1.07 (±0.31)	0.34
		• Nest box			2.85	1	0.091
		• Constant	0.40 (±0.19)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.00				0.083
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.10
Trunk	Vigilance	*Fixed effects*
		• Vegetation			8.96	2	0.011
		Medium	−0.43 (±0.30)	0.65
		Low	0.39 (±1.48)	1.48
		• CWD site			0.87	1	0.351
		• Nest box			2.83	1	0.092
		• Constant	−0.51 (±0.27)		0.87	1	0.351
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.00				0.647
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.08
Trunk	Resting and	*Fixed effects*
	Preening	• Vegetation			1.64	2	0.441
		• CWD site			0.04	1	0.844
		• Nest box			0.29	1	0.590
		• Constant	−0.63 (±0.44)
		*Random effects*
		• Group +	σ² = 0.15				0.393
		Group/BirdID	σ² = 0.00

Results of generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and generalized linear models (GLMs) using binomial distribution (logit-link structure) analysing the effects of (1) the level of ground vegetation cover (high, medium and low); (2) experimental coarse woody debris site (in or out of site); and (3) the presence or absence of nest boxes; on the probability of Brown Treecreeper individuals using each of the four target substrates: (1) branch, (2) ground, (3) log, and (4) trunk, whilst displaying the three types of behaviours (1) foraging, (2) vigilance, and (3) resting and preening. Group and individual bird nested within group were included as random effects in GLMMs (σ² = the variance of the random factor). The significant effects are shown in bold and include estimates (± s.e.) and odds ratios, which use high ground vegetation and outside of a 1 ha coarse woody debris site as the reference levels. Estimate for the constant is given from the full GLMMs. The total number of observations for each of the analyses by behaviour was: foraging: 663; vigilance: 374; and resting and preening: 155.