Table 2.

PI, Skinfold Thickness, and Serum Results at Baseline, 2 and 4 Weeks for Treatment Group by Sex

	Massage		Control
	Males	Females	Males	Female
PI (kg/cm3)
Baseline	2.27 ± 0.06	2.21 ± 0.03	2.23 ± 0.05	2.18 ± 0.04
Δ per week	0.05 ± 0.01a	0.10 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.01
TSF (mm)
Baseline	2.4 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.1
Δ per week	0.2 ± 0.1b	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.1
MTSF (mm)
Baseline	2.4 ± 0.2	2.7 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.2
Δ per week	0.3 ± 0.1c	0.4 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.1
SSF (mm)
Baseline	2.8± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.2
Δ per week	0.1 ± 0.1d	0.5 ± 0.1d	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1
IGF-1 (ng/mL)
Baseline	197.6 ± 23.5	150.1 ± 22.5	195.2 ± 56.1	198.6 ± 20.8
Week 2	214.9 ± 27.8	151.3 ± 25.5	277.0 ± 78.5	253.8 ± 49.4
Week 4	222.6 ± 42.0	247.2 ± 47.5	241.7 ± 80.0	236.4 ± 35.1
Leptin (ng/mL)
Baseline	31.2 ± 3.4	28.8 ± 3.3	30.0 ± 1.6	31.9 ± 3.9
Week 2	27.4 ± 3.4	21.7 ± 2.6	28.7 ± 0.8	27.9 ± 5.0
Week 4	23.2 ± 2.2	20.3 ± 2.9	26.8 ± 2.8	27.2 ± 5.0
Adiponectin (pg/mL)
Baseline	25.9 ± 11.0	22.7 ± 6.1	22.6 ± 6.1	15.4 ± 4.7
Week 2	27.1 ± 13.0	17.1 ± 2.1	33.6 ± 15.0	23.8 ± 5.4
Week 4	10.3 ± 2.0e	38.7 ± 13.6	34.8 ± 11.0	27.6 ± 5.4

Estimated mean ± SE. GEE test with average weekly energy (Kcal/kg/d) and protein intake (g/kg/d) as cofactors for PI and skinfold thickness analysis while biochemical measures were adjusted for body weight.

^aPI: treatment X time x sex Wald χ² = 433.027, p<0.001; Massage male < Control male.

^bTSF: treatment X time X sex interaction Wald χ² = 7.599, p<0.05; Massage male < Control male.

^cMTSF: treatment X time X sex interaction Wald χ² = 7.949, p<0.05; Massage male < Control male.

^dSSF: treatment X time X sex interaction Wald χ² = 24.451, p<0.001; Massage male < Control male and Massage female > Control female.

^eAdiponectin: treatment X time X sex interaction Wald χ² = 20.860, p<0.01; Massage male < Control male.