Table 5.
Trend of MTM disparities among Medicare population based on 2008 eligibility criteria.
| Estimate | Standard. Error | Wald Chi-Square | P | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval for OR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | −4.47 | 0.32 | 192.29 | <.0001 | -- | -- |
| Non-Hispanic Whites | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Non-Hispanic Blacks | −0.33 | 0.26 | 1.65 | 0.20 | 0.72 | 0.43–1.19 |
| Hispanics | −0.24 | 0.26 | 0.87 | 0.35 | 0.79 | 0.48–1.30 |
| Blacks*(2007–2008) | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 0.60–1.80 |
| Hispanics*(2007–2008) | −0.10 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.73 | 0.91 | 0.51–1.60 |
| 1996–1997 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2007–2008 | 1.81 | 0.10 | 303.11 | <.0001 | 6.09 | 4.97–7.46 |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.003 | 8.23 | <0.01 | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 |
| Female | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Male | −0.12 | 0.07 | 2.90 | 0.09 | 0.89 | 0.77–1.02 |
| Not married | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Married | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.79 | 0.98 | 0.82–1.17 |
| No private insurance | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Any Private Insurance | 0.26 | 0.07 | 12.57 | <0.01 | 1.30 | 1.13–1.51 |
| No Medicaid | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Medicaid | 0.57 | 0.12 | 24.06 | <.0001 | 1.77 | 1.41–2.22 |
| Poor | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Near poor | −0.13 | 0.14 | 0.82 | 0.37 | 0.88 | 0.66–1.16 |
| Low income | −0.01 | 0.12 | 0.002 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.79–1.25 |
| Middle income | −0.07 | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.94 | 0.76–1.16 |
| High income | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.73 | 1.04 | 0.82–1.32 |
| Lower than high school | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| GED or high school | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.85–1.21 |
| Bachelor | 0.31 | 0.15 | 4.39 | 0.04 | 1.37 | 1.02–1.84 |
| Master and higher | 0.18 | 0.17 | 1.02 | 0.31 | 1.19 | 0.85–1.68 |
| Other | 0.36 | 0.18 | 4.17 | 0.04 | 1.44 | 1.02–2.04 |
| Northeast | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Midwest | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 0.75–1.21 |
| South | −0.04 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.73 | 0.96 | 0.77–1.20 |
| West | −0.24 | 0.13 | 3.62 | 0.06 | 0.78 | 0.61–1.01 |
| Not MSA | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Yes MSA | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.89 | 1.01 | 0.84–1.23 |
| Excellent self-perceived health status | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Very good self-perceived health status | 1.02 | 0.20 | 25.17 | <.0001 | 2.76 | 1.86–4.11 |
| Good self-perceived health status | 1.65 | 0.19 | 73.09 | <.0001 | 5.18 | 3.55–7.56 |
| Fair self-perceived health status | 2.19 | 0.19 | 126.41 | <.0001 | 8.92 | 6.09–13.07 |
| Poor self-perceived health status | 2.68 | 0.20 | 179.91 | <.0001 | 14.52 | 9.82–21.46 |
MTM: Medication therapy management; Blacks: non-Hispanic Blacks; CI: confidence interval. Covariates based on the Andersen's model are predisposing factors (age, gender, and marital status), enabling factors (highest degree received, income, insurance status, metropolitan statistical area, and geographic regions), and need factors (self-perceived health status).