Table 2.

MSCs as cell therapy to promote engraftment of transplanted islets for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Cell Source	Route/site of administration	Therapeutic outcome
Allogeneic bone marrow MSCs	Intraportal co-transplantation followed by IV infusions	Increased numbers of regulatory T-cells resulted in reversal of rejection episodes and prolongation of islet function.51
Allogeneic bone marrow MSCs	Intraportal co-transplantation	Improvement of islet graft morphology and graft revascularization. Transdifferentiation of MSCs to endothelial cells promoted revascularization.52
Allogeneic bone marrow MSCs	Renal capsule transplantation	Secretion of VEGE and growth factors promoted islet vasculatization and improved glycemic control.53
Autologous bone marrow MSCS	Omental pouch transplantation	Autologous MSCs improved graft survival through combination of grouth factors and increase of IL-10 secreting CD4+ T cells.52
Syngeneic and Allogeneic MSCs	Intraportal /systemic administration	Prolonged graft survival and reduced rejection of islet mass.55
Umbilical cord MSCs	Intra portal administration of differentiated pancreatic cells from umbilical cord MSC	Reduced blood sugar level by transdifferentiation of MSCs into insulin producing cells.56
Cocultue of mice islet with human cord blood MSCs	Renal capsule transplantation	Culturing of islet with MSCs promoted islet islet viability and insulin secretory function.58
Autologous MSCs	Renal capsule transplantation	Improved glycemic control by blocking CD25 T cell activation and IL-2 signaling.59