Table 4.
Association of selected risk factors with delays of development (Multivariable logistic regression - adjusted Odds Ratios and 95%- confidence intervals, significant associations in bold)
| |
Age |
Sex |
Nationality |
Having siblings |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delays of development | Below 5.49 years | Between 5.50 and 6.50 years | p-value | 6.51 years and older | p-value | Girl | Boy | p-value | German | Non- German | p-value | No | Yes | p-value |
| Gross motor skills |
1 |
0.89 (0.72-1.10) |
0.28 |
0.92 (0.65-1.30) |
0.63 |
1 |
2.73 (2.32-3.22) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.34 (1.08-1.66) |
0.01 |
1 |
1.13 (0.93-1.37) |
0.21 |
| Fine motor coordination |
1 |
0.43 (0.37-0.49) |
<0.0001 |
0.28 (0.21-0.38) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
3.37 (2.98-3.81) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.41 (1.20-1.65) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.09 (0.95-1.26) |
0.22 |
| Grapho- motor coordination |
1 |
0.42 (0.36-0.49) |
<0.0001 |
0.30 (0.22-0.40) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
3.27 (2.85-3.74) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.60 (1.35-1.89) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.07 (0.92-1.25) |
0.40 |
| Pronunciation |
1 |
0.83 (0.72-0.97) |
0.02 |
0.78 (0.61-1.00) |
0.05 |
1 |
2.09 (1.88-2.32) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
0.66 (0.55-0.79) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.31 (1.14-1.50) |
<0.0001 |
| Grammar |
1 |
0.77 (0.60-0.98) |
0.58 |
1.39 (0.89-2.15) |
0.15 |
1 |
1.79 (1.45-2.21) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
2.52 (1.95-3.26) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.04 (0.81-1.34) |
0.76 |
| Rhythm of speech |
1 |
0.90 (0.66-1.21) |
0.47 |
1.16 (0.74-1.81) |
0.52 |
1 |
2.09 (1.69-2.60) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
0.61 (0.41-0.90) |
0.01 |
1 |
1.01 (0.78-1.30) |
0.97 |
| Memory and concentration |
1 |
0.49 (0.43-0.57) |
<0.0001 |
0.42 (0.31-0.56) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.51 (1.33-1.71) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
2.01 (1.73-2.33) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
0.99 (0.85-1.16) |
0.90 |
| Perseverance |
1 |
0.42 (0.36-0.50) |
<0.0001 |
0.44 (0.32-0.61) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.53 (1.32-1.76) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.82 (1.51-2.19) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
0.93 (0.79-1.11) |
0.44 |
| Abstraction |
1 |
0.86 (0.65-1.14) |
0.29 |
1.07 (0.67-1.66) |
0.77 |
1 |
1.77 (1.44-2.17) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
2.76 (2.18-3.48) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
0.99 (0.78-1.27) |
0.95 |
| Visual perception |
1 |
1.01 (0.78-1.31) |
0.96 |
1.33 (0.90-1.96) |
0.15 |
1 |
2.13 (1.77-2.56) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
2.65 (2.15-3.27) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
0.98 (0.79-1.22) |
0.87 |
| Arithmetic |
1 |
0.79 (0.62-1.01) |
0.06 |
0.73 (0.47-1.12) |
0.15 |
1 |
1.40 (1.16-1.68) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
2.56 (2.06-3.18) |
<0.0001 |
1 |
1.07 (0.85-1.34) |
0.57 |
| Psychosocial development | 1 | 0.48 (0.40-0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.52 (0.38-0.71) | 0.001 | 1 | 1.47 (1.28-1.70) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.66 (1.38-2.01) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.86 (0.73-1.02) | 0.08 |
1=reference.