Table 1.
Biological Responses in Microgravity Simulators (GBFs) in Comparison to Real Microgravity
| Object | 2-D Clinostat | RPM | Levitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paramecium | ++ | − | − |
| Euglena | ++ | − | − |
| Chara | ++ | + | −* |
| Arabidopsis | |||
| • Cell proliferation/growth | n.a. | ++ | +* |
| • Gene expression | n.a. | + | − |
| Drosophila | |||
| • Behavior | n.a. | + | ++ |
| • Gene expression | n.a. | ++ | + |
| Fish | |||
| • Behavior | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| • Development | + | n.a. | n.a. |
| Mammalian | |||
| • Adherent cells | + | + | − |
| • Cells in suspension | + | n.a. | − |
For further details see corresponding sections.
Symbols indicate that biological response to simulation is identical (++), similar (+), or different (−) to those of real microgravity experiments. n.a. means not applicable or data not available from spaceflights.
*
With the available field-gradient, levitation of statoliths was not achieved.