. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 21.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Immunol. 2012 Feb 16;13(3):214–222. doi: 10.1038/ni.2229

Table 1.

Intrinsic antiviral factors

Name	Target virus	Key roles	References
APOBEC3G	HIV-1, SIV, EIAV, MLV, foamy virus, Hepatitis B virus	Edit C to U in HIV DNA (negative strand); inhibit reverse transcription and integration	^{61, 62, 117–120}
TRIM5α	HIV-1, MLV	Block uncoating of the incoming virion; promote innate immune signaling by sensing retrovirus capsid	^{68, 69, 72, 73}
TETHERIN/BST-2/CD317	HIV-1, MLV, HTLV-1, Ebola virus, KSHV	Block release of enveloped viruses	^{74, 75, 77}
SAMHD1	HIV-1	Inhibit HIV replication in myeloid cells, likely through regulating cellular dNTP supply	^{53, 54, 83, 121}
TREX1	HIV-1	Remove cytosolic nonproductive RT DNA; inhibit innate immune responses to HIV-1	⁵⁵
IFITM family	Influenza virus, Dengue virus, West Nile Virus	Block cytosolic entry	^{96, 122}
IFIT family	Influenza virus	Recognize 5'-ppp and the lack of 2'-O-methylation in viral RNA and inhibit translation	^106 – 108
MxA	Influenza virus, other RNA viruses	Block transcription	^109 – 111
RNASE L	Many RNA viruses	Cleave ssRNA in U-rich sequences; activate antiviral innate immunity	^{47, 123}
PKR	Many RNA viruses	Inhibits virus translation by protein phosphorylation; promote innate immune signaling	⁴⁸