Figure 1.

Systemic CSF1 improves cognitive function in hAPP transgenic mice. (A) hAPP transgenic mice and their nTG littermates (n = 9–10 mice per genotype, age 5.5–6.5 mo) were injected with 800 µg/kg CSF1 or PBS three times a week. After 10 wk of treatment, spatial cognitive function in mice was assessed using the Morris water maze. (B–E) hAPP mice and nTG littermates (18–20 mo old) were assessed by water maze in hidden platform tests (B) and a probe trial 24 h later (C). The mice were then randomly divided into CSF1 or PBS groups (n = 6–8 mice per genotype). After 1 mo of treatment, mice were tested again with a water maze hidden platform test (D) and a probe trial (E). The target quadrant was quadrant 1 in C and E. Bars are mean ± SEM. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01 compared by ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Each experiment was performed once.