Skip to main content
. 2012 Dec 21;13(1):117. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-117

Table 3.

Studies using VOCs profiles for the diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases (diseased vs. healthy controls)

Author (year) Disease N Discriminative Controls N No. of markers Sensitivity/Specificity (%)* Ref.
Caldeira (2011)
 Asthma
 35
 +
 Controls
 15
 28
 CVV: 88%
 [17]
Caldeira (2012)
 Asthma
 32
 +
 Controls
 27
 9
 98/93
 [18]
Dallinga (2010)
 Asthma
 63
 +
 Controls
 57
 8 to 22
 89 - 100/95 - 100
 [19]
Dragonieri (2007)
 Mild asthma
 10
 +
 Controls
 10
 N.S.
 CVV: 100% (M-distance 5.32)
 [10]
Severe asthma
 10
 +
 Controls
 10
 N.S.
 CVV: 90% (M-distance 2.77)
Fens (2009)
 Asthma
 20
 +
 Non-smoking controls
 20
 N.S.
 CVV: 95% (p < 0.001)
 [15]
Asthma
 20
 +
 Smoking controls
 20
 N.S.
 CVV: 93% (p < 0.001)
Ibrahim (2011)
 Asthma
 35
 +
 Non-smoking controls
 23
 15
 CVV: 83% (PPV: 0.85, NPV: 0.89)
 [20]
Montuschi (2010)
 Asthma
 27
 +
 Controls
 24
 N.S.
 DP: 88%
 [22]
Timms (2012)
 Asthma
 20
 +
 Controls
 7
 N.S.
 CVV: 70% (p = 0.047)
 [32]
COPD
 17
 +
 Controls
 7
 N.S.
 M-distance: 3.601 (p < 0.01)
Cristescu (2011)
 Emphysema
 43
 -
 (Former) smoking controls
 161
 1
 AUC: 0.56 (CI: 0.45-0.66)
 [26]
Basanta (2010)
 COPD
 20
 +
 Smoking controls
 6
 N.S.
 88/81
 [25]
Fens (2009)
 COPD
 30
 +/−
 Smoking controls
 20
 N.S.
 CVV: 66% (p < 0.01)
 [15]
COPD
 30
 -
 Non-smoking controls
 20
 N.S.
 CVV: N.S.
Hattesohl (2011)
 COPD
 23
 +/−
 Controls
 10
 N.S.
 CVV: 68% (p < 0.001)
 [28]
Hauschild (2012)
 COPD
 84
 +
 Controls
 35
 120
 87 - 98/71 - 86
 [29]
Phillips (2012)
 COPD
 119
 +
 Controls
 63
 N.S.
 79/64
 [31]
Van Berkel (2010)
 COPD
 50
 +
 Controls
 29
 6 to 13
 98 - 100/88 - 100
 [33]
COPD (validation)
 16
 +
 Controls (validation)
 16
 6
 100/81
Robroeks (2010)
 CF
 48
 +
 Controls
 57
 22
 100/100
 [14]
Bajtarevic (2009)
 LC
 65
 +
 Controls
 31
 15 to 21
 71 - 80/100 - 100
 [41]
D’Amico (2010)
 LC
 28
 +
 Controls
 36
 N.S.
 85/100
 [44]
Di Natale (2003)
 LC
 35
 +
 Controls
 18
 N.S.
 100/94
 [11]
Dragonieri (2009)
 NSCLC
 10
 +
 Controls
 10
 N.S.
 CVV: 90% (M-distance 2.96)
 [12]
Gaspar (2009)
 LC
 18
 +
 Controls
 10
 10
 100/100
 [46]
Gordon (1985)
 LC
 12
 +
 Controls
 9
 22
 DP > 80%
 [47]
Ligor (2009)
 LC
 65
 +/−
 Controls
 31
 8
 51/100
 [49]
Machado (2005)
 LC
 14
 +
 Controls
 20
 N.S.
 CVV: 72% (M-distance: 3.25)
 [13]
Mazzone (2007)
 NSCLC
 49
 -
 Controls
 21
 N.S.
 57/78
 [50]
Peng (2009)
 LC
 40
 +
 Controls
 56
 42
 2 PCA clusters: 100% discrimination
 [52]
Peng (2010)
 PLC
 30
 +
 Controls
 22
 33
 2 PCA clusters: 100% discrimination
 [53]
Phillips (2003)
 PLC
 67
 +
 Controls
 41
 9
 85/81
 [7]
Phillips (2007–2008)
 PLC
 193
 +
 Controls
 211
 16 to 30
 85 - 85/80 - 81
 [55], [56]
Poli (2010)
 NSCLC
 40
 +
 Controls
 38
 7
 90/92
 [59]
Steeghs (2007)
 LC
 11
 +
 Controls
 57
 2
 AUC: 0.81
 [64]
Westhoff (2009)
 LC
 32
 +
 Controls
 54
 23
 100/100
 [67]
Chapman (2012)
 MPM
 10
 +
 Controls
 32
 N.S.
 90/91
 [68]
Dragonieri (2012)
 MPM
 13
 +
 Controls
 13
 N.S.
 CVV: 85% (p < 0.001)
 [69]
Phillips (2007)
 Patients suspected of TB
 42
 +
 Controls
 59
 N.S. (≈7)
 100/100
 [77]
Phillips (2012) Patients with TB 130 +/− Controls 121 8 71/72 [79]

*Sensitivity/Specificity (in %), unless stated otherwise. AUC = Area Under the ROC Curve; CF = Cystic Fibrosis; CI = 95% Confidence interval; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CVV = Cross-Validated accuracy-Value; DP = Diagnostic Performance; LC = Lung Cancer; M-distance = Mahalanobis-distance; MPM = Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma; N = Sample size; NPV = Negative Predictive Value; N.S. = Not Stated; NSCLC = Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; PCA = Principal Component Analysis; PLC = Primary Lung Cancer; PPV = Positive Predictive Value; Ref. = Reference; TB = pulmonary Tuberculosis.