Table 1.

Characteristics of randomised controlled trials of lifestyle interventions for weight gain in psychosis

Study (year)	Sample size	Participants/ setting	Diagnosis	Antipsychotic medication	Primary outcomes	Intervention	Control	Duration*	Followup**
Álvarez Jiménez et al. (2006) [15]	(a) 28	Outpatients	Schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief reactive psychosis, or psychosis not otherwise specified (NOS)	Olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol	- Body weight	10 to 14 individual sessions (weight check, agenda setting, review of self monitoring records, homework assignments) provided by clinical psychologists	Usual care +  nonstructured information about weight gain and encouragement to limit food intake and/or increase physical activity	12	0
	(b) 33				- BMI change
					- Percentage of patients whose weight increased by more than 7 % of the initial weight
Brar et al. (2005) [13]	(a) 35	Outpatients or stable long-term inpatients	Schizophrenia (38), Schizoaffective disorder (33)	Risperidone	Body weight change	20 group-based behavioural treatment sessions for weight loss (manual driven didactic programme)	Usual care	14	0
	(b) 37			Concomitant medications: sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants
Brown & Smith (2009) [29]	(a) 15	Outpatients	Schizophrenia (11), bipolar disorder (5), depression (9), borderline personality disorder (3)	Weight gain drugs (not specified)	Body weight change	5 semistructured health promotion sessions using an operational manual based on motivational interviewing, education, diary keeping, and facilitation of access to mainstream facilities, facilitated by mental health key workers	Usual care	N/A	0
	(b) 11
Evans et al. (2005) [14]	(a) 29	Outpatients	Schizophrenia (16), Schizoaffective disorder (11), schizophreniform psychosis (10), bipolar disorder (8), depression (5)	Olanzapine	- Body weight	6 individual nutritional education sessions conducted by an accredited practicing dietician	Passive nutritional education from the booklet “Food for the mind”	12	12
	(b) 22				- BMI change
					- Waist circumference change
Forsberg et al. (2008) [27]	(a) 27	Supported housing facilities	Schizophrenia (23), bipolar disorder (3), other psychotic disorders (7), other psychiatric diagnoses (8)	Antipsychotic medication	- Weight	Programme for healthy living: 2 sessions weekly focusing on the cooking of good nourishing food and on physical activity (indoor and outdoor activities) lead by a circle leader (no training in mental health field and no own experience of working with person with psychiatric disabilities but has a personal interest in healthy food and experience as a fitness instructor)	“aesthetic study circle” (learn and practice artistic techniques)	52	0
	(b) 19				- Waist
					- BMI
					- Physiological values
Khazaal et al. (2007) [20]	(a) 31	Outpatients	Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders (73.8 %), bipolar disorder (8.2 %), schizotypal disorder (6.6 %), other (11.5 %)	Olanzapine, risperidone, clozapine, quetiapine, amisulpride, classical antipsychotics	- Body weight	12 2-hour group sessions weekly (motivational interview), tasting sessions, psychoeducation on links between weight gain and antipsychotics, food intake moderation prescribed, provided by two psychologists	Brief Nutritional Education (one informative 2 hour group session)	12	3
	(b) 30				- BMI
					- Eating and weight-related cognitions (MAC-R) - Binge eating simptomatology (SCID-IV)
Kwon et al. (2006) [16]	(a) 33	Outpatients	Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder	Olanzapine	- Body weight	Diet and exercise management programme based on cognitive and behavioural therapy, nutritional education, diary and exercise lead respectively by a dietician and an exercise coordinator	Usual care +  recommendations as to physical activity and eating	12	0
	(b) 15				- BMI
Littrell et al. (2003)	(a) 35	Outpatients	Schizophrenia (54), schizoaffective disorder (16)	Olanzapine	- Body weight	16 1-hour psychoeducation classes using the "Solutions of wellness" modules ("Nutrition, wellness and living a healthy lifestyle", "Fitness and exercise") held by a clinician	Usual care +  olanzapine	16	8
	(b) 35			Concomitant medications: lithium, valproate, SSRI	- BMI
Mauri et al. (2008) [28]	(a) 21	Outpatients	Bipolar I disorder (41), bipolar II disorder (2), depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms (1)	Olanzapine	- Body weight	dietary group programme for weight control: 30-minutes psychoeducational meetings + diet	N/A	12	0
	(b) 27				- BMI
McKibbin et al. (2006) [17]	(a) 32	Board-and-care and community clubhouse	Schizophrenia (48), schizoaffective disorder (9)	Antipsychotics	- Body weight	24 weekly, 90 min sessions addressing diabetes education, nutrition, and lifestyle exercise conducted by healthcare providers, dieticians, and diabetes educators	Usual care +  3 brochures from American Diabetes Association	24	0
	(b) 32				- BMI
					- Waist circumference change
Milano et al. (2007) [26]	(a) 22	Outpatients	Schizophrenia or manic episodes in bipolar disease	Olanzapine	- Body weight change	Psychoeducational programme with information on correct alimentary practices and personal health; diet (reduction of 500 kcal/ die); programme on physical exercise (3/wk, 30-60 min)	Regular diet, no physical activity	8	0
	(b) 14
					- BMI
Weber & Wyne (2006) [19]	(a) 8	Outpatients	Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder	One oral atypical antipsychotic	- Body weight	1-hour group session based on cognitive- behavioural strategies to promote risk reduction (with food and activity diary) provided by a trained psychiatric nurse practitioner supervised weekly	Usual care	16	16
	(b) 9				- BMI
					- Waist-hip ratio - Blood glucose level
Wu et al. (2007) [21]	(a) 28	Hospitalized patients	Schizophrenia	Clozapine	- Body weight	Dietary control by a registered dietician. 1-hour physical activity sessions 3 times a week	N/A	24	0
	(b) 28				- BMI
					- Body fat
					- Waist-hip ratio

(a) experimental group.

(b) control group.

*number of weeks.

**follow-up assessment, number of weeks after the end of intervention.