Table 1. Univariable associations between lifecourse socioeconomic factors, early life maternal characteristics and repetitive element methylation, New York Women’s Birth Cohort.
| N | Sat 2 (n = 87) |
Alu (n = 88) |
LINE-1 (n = 89) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 95% CIa | Mean | 95% CIa | Mean | 95% CIa | ||
| Self-reported race/ethnicity African American Hispanic White |
28 38 23 |
87.2 82.7 82.4 |
(75.7, 98.7) (73.0, 92.4) (69.6, 95.1) |
117.2 101.4 104.8 |
(103.1, 131.4) (89.0, 113.7) (89.2, 120.5) |
169.2 159.9 168.4 |
(148.4, 190.0) (142.0, 177.8) (145.4, 191.4) |
| Maternal nativity US-born (excluding Puerto Rico) Foreign-born |
52 37 |
84.4 83.6 |
(75.9, 92.8) (73.8, 93.3) |
108.3 105.9 |
(97.7, 118.8) (93.3, 118.6) |
167.4 161.6 |
(152.2, 182.6) (143.6, 179.7) |
| Maternal age at pregnancy < 25 ≥ 25 |
39 50 |
77.0* 89.5 |
(67.5, 86.4) (81.2, 97.8) |
103.7 110.2 |
(91.5, 115.8) (99.4, 121.0) |
168.0 162.7 |
(150.4, 185.6) (147.1, 178.2) |
| Maternal smoking in pregnancy Yes No |
32 56 |
76.9* 88.4 |
(66.4, 87.4) (80.5, 96.3) |
104.2 109.7 |
(90.8, 117.6) (99.5, 119.9) |
159.6 167.8 |
(140.1, 179.1) (153.1, 182.6) |
| Birth order 1st born 2nd born 3rd born 4th or later born |
33 24 16 13 |
80.4** 76.3 83.6 107.8 |
(70.5, 90.3) (64.7, 87.8) (69.4, 97.8) (92.1, 123.6) |
101.7 109.6 108.4 119.1 |
(88.4, 115.0) (94.0, 125.2) (89.3, 127.6) (97.9, 140.3) |
163.6 159.6 151.8 180.2 |
(145.8, 181.3) (138.5, 180.8) (125.9, 177.7) (151.5, 209.0) |
|
Early Life Socioeconomic Factors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Family income at birth Lowest quartile 1 2 3 Highest quartile 4 |
19 21 21 21 |
97.0* 78.8 83.2 72.9 |
(83.6, 110.3) (66.4, 91.1) (70.8, 95.6) (60.2, 85.6) |
107.9 110.9 103.4 112.3 |
(89.9, 125.8) (93.4, 128.4) (86.3, 120.5) (95.2, 129.4) |
170.7 163.4 155.3 177.2 |
(145.6, 195.9) (139.5, 187.3) (131.4, 179.2) (153.3, 201.1) |
| Parental occupation at birth Blue collar White collar |
53 35 |
86.7 80.6 |
(78.4, 95.0) (70.5, 90.6) |
104.3 112.6 |
(93.9, 114.7) (99.6, 125.6) |
166.5 163.4 |
(151.4, 181.7) (144.8, 182.1) |
| Maternal education at birth < High school graduate ≥ High school graduate |
44 45 |
92.5** 76.1 |
(83.6, 101.3) (67.6, 84.7) |
108.8 105.8 |
(97.4, 120.2) (94.4, 117.3) |
167.2 162.8 |
(150.7, 183.8) (146.5, 179.2) |
| Family structure through age 13 Single parent or other situations Both parents present |
20 69 |
87.9 82.9 |
(74.3, 101.5) (75.7, 90.1) |
123.8** 102.8 |
(106.9, 140.8) (93.9, 116.7) |
175.3 162.0 |
(150.8, 199.7) (148.9, 175.2) |
|
Adult Socioeconomic Factors Adult Education ≤ High school Some post high school training College graduate Graduate education |
13 31 21 24 |
79.9* 74.5 90.4 93.0 |
(63.2, 96.7) (64.1, 84.9) (77.5, 103.4) (81.2, 104.8) |
96.1 104.9 101.1 121.7 |
(75.5, 116.7) (91.5, 118.3) (84.4, 117.7) (106.5, 136.9) |
164.4 148.7 171.2 181.0 |
(134.4, 194.4) (129.3, 168.1) (147.6, 194.8) (158.9, 203.1) |
| Adult Income Lowest category 1 2 3 Highest category 4 |
15 32 20 21 |
85.6 80.5 77.1 95.3 |
(70.4, 100.8) (69.7, 91.2) (63.9, 90.3) (82.4, 108.1) |
104.8 110.9 98.6 112.3 |
(85.7, 124.0) (97.4, 124.5) (81.1, 116.2) (95.2, 129.4) |
152.8** 170.6 137.3 194.2 |
(126.1, 179.4) (152.3, 188.8) (114.2, 160.4) (171.6, 216.7) |
| Adult occupation Blue collar White collar |
34 49 |
76.8* 88.5 |
(66.1, 87.4) (79.9, 97.1) |
101.0 110.0 |
(88.2, 113.9) (99.2, 120.7) |
166.1 165.6 |
(146.8, 185.5) (149.5, 181.8) |
a CI, confidence interval; *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05.