Table 7.

Genetic fidelity testing of in vitro raised bamboos

Tools used	Species	Achievements	References
Morphological, biochemical, physiological and anatomical markers
Morphological descriptors	Dendrocalamus asper	Compared in vitro-raised plants with mother plants and found no variation.	Singh et al. 2011
	D. hamiltonii	Leaf thickness and specific leaf mass of the in vitro raised plants were found comparable to the mother plants.	Bag et al. 2012
Biochemical analysis	D. hamiltonii	Chlorophyll and relative water content of the in vitro raised plants were found comparable to the mother plants.	Bag et al. 2012
Physiological studies	D. hamiltonii	The rate of net photosynthesis and water use efficiency were found comparable to those observed for the mother bush.	Agnihotri et al. 2009
		The rates of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of in vitro propagated and hardened plants were found to be comparable with the corresponding mother plants.	Bag et al. 2012
Anatomical studies	D. hamiltonii	Leaf anatomy of the in vitro propagated and hardened plants was found to be similar with the corresponding mother plants.	Bag et al. 2012
Molecular markers
RAPD	Bambusa balcooa, B. tulda	Confirmed clonal fidelity of in vitro raised plants and advocated the use of axillary meristem culture for true-to-type or clonal propagation.	Das and Pal 2005b
	D. asper	Tested clonal fidelity of in vitro raised shoots uo to 30th passage, hardened plants growing in the ployhouse and randomly selected field transferred plants up to 2 years with mother plant and found no somaclonal variation.	Singh et al. 2012b
	D. hamiltonii	Reported genetic fidelity during various stages of growth and development of in vitro raised plants, up to 1.5 years after field plantation and found no somaclonal variation.	Agnihotri et al. 2009
	Guadua angustifolia	Evaluated clonal fidelity of in vitro raised plants at various stages of subculture along with hardened plants and compared with mother plant.	Nadha et al. 2011
ISSR	B. balcooa	Clonal fidelity testing of in vitro raised plants up to 33rd passage and in vitro raised plants transferred to the field compared with parent plant and found true to type.	Negi and Saxena 2010
	B. nutans	In vitro raised shoots up to 27th cycle of shoot multiplication, hardened plants growing in the ployhouse, plants growing in the field and mother plant were found genetically similar.	Negi and Saxena 2011
	D. asper	Tested clonal fidelity of in vitro raised shoots uo to 30th passage, hardened plants growing in the ployhouse and randomly selected field transferred plants up to 2 years with mother plant and found no somaclonal variation.	Singh et al. 2012b
	G. angustifolia	Evaluated clonal fidelity of in vitro raised plants at various stages of subculture along with hardened plants and compared with mother plant.	Nadha et al. 2011
SSR	D. asper	Tested clonal fidelity of in vitro raised shoots uo to 30th passage, hardened plants growing in the ployhouse and randomly selected field transferred plants up to 2 years with mother plant and found no somaclonal variation.	Singh et al. 2012b
AFLP	B. balcooa	Compared the tissue culture raised plants originating through axillary bud proliferation and somatic embryogenesis and reported that no epigenetic changes could be detected by methylation sensitive AFLP (MSAP)	Gillis et al. 2007
	B. nutans	Assessment of genetic fidelity of tissue culture raised plants at various stages from plant regeneration to field establishment. Reported 98.8 % genetic stability in regenerated plantlets.	Mehta et al. 2011
	D. asper	Tested clonal fidelity of in vitro raised shoots uo to 30th passage, hardened plants growing in the ployhouse and randomly selected field transferred plants up to 2 years with mother plant and found no somaclonal variation.	Singh et al. 2012b