Table 3.
Exploratory post hoc analyses of the number of children with a 0, 1, or 2 score on ADI-R items representing early ASD symptoms: children with anxiety disorders compared to controls
| Anxiety | Controls | X 2 | p a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Social domain | ||||||||
| Use of other’s body | 35 | 7 | 0 | 41 | 1 | 0 | 4.79 | .057 |
| Imaginative play with peers | 24 | 6 | 12 | 40 | 2 | 0 | 16.80 | <.001** |
| Direct gaze | 33 | 7 | 2 | 39 | 3 | 0 | 3.50 | .061 |
| Social smiling | 34 | 6 | 2 | 36 | 5 | 1 | 0.34 | .558 |
| Showing/directing attention | 40 | 0 | 2 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 2.05 | .494 |
| Offering to share | 29 | 6 | 7 | 35 | 3 | 4 | 2.36 | .124 |
| Seeking to share enjoyment | 37 | 2 | 3 | 41 | 1 | 0 | 2.87 | .202 |
| Offering comfort | 30 | 10 | 2 | 38 | 4 | 0 | 4.94 | .026 |
| Quality of social overtures | 39 | 2 | 1 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 3.11 | .241 |
| Range of facial expressions | 32 | 8 | 2 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 11.35 | .001* |
| Inappropriate facial expressions | 36 | 6 | 0 | 41 | 1 | 0 | 3.90 | .109 |
| Appropriateness of responses | 31 | 7 | 4 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 7.37 | .007* |
| Interest in children | 31 | 9 | 2 | 34 | 5 | 3 | 0.61 | .434 |
| Response to approaches | 31 | 9 | 2 | 38 | 3 | 1 | 3.98 | .046 |
| Group play | 30 | 11 | 1 | 35 | 6 | 1 | 1.70 | .192 |
| Friendships | 38 | 1 | 3 | 40 | 1 | 1 | 0.72 | .676 |
| Communication domain | ||||||||
| Stereotyped utterances | 34 | 8 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 8.84 | .005* |
| Social verbalization/chat | 29 | 5 | 8 | 40 | 2 | 0 | 9.82 | .002* |
| Reciprocal conversation | 32 | 7 | 3 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 11.35 | .001* |
| Inappropriate questions | 39 | 0 | 3 | 38 | 4 | 0 | 0.16 | 1.00 |
| Pronominal reversal | 36 | 6 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 6.46 | .026 |
| Neologisms | 34 | 7 | 1 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 8.84 | .005* |
| Pointing to express interest | 34 | 4 | 4 | 38 | 1 | 3 | 1.56 | .212 |
| Nodding | 34 | 6 | 2 | 41 | 1 | 0 | 6.10 | .029 |
| Head shaking | 34 | 6 | 2 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 8.84 | .005* |
| Conventional gestures | 30 | 7 | 5 | 39 | 1 | 2 | 6.57 | .010 |
| Spontaneous imitation | 22 | 9 | 11 | 41 | 1 | 0 | 22.92 | <.001** |
| Imaginative play | 25 | 10 | 7 | 38 | 4 | 0 | 10.73 | .001* |
| Imaginative social play | 33 | 4 | 5 | 41 | 1 | 0 | 7.27 | .007* |
| Repetitive domain | ||||||||
| Verbal rituals | 40 | 2 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 2.05 | .494 |
| Unusual preoccupations | 41 | 1 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
| Circumscribed interests | 30 | 11 | 1 | 41 | 1 | 0 | 11.01 | .001* |
| Repetitive use of objects | 40 | 1 | 1 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 2.05 | .494 |
| Compulsions/rituals | 26 | 8 | 8 | 41 | 1 | 0 | 16.59 | <.001** |
| Unusual sensory interests | 38 | 4 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 4.20 | .116 |
| Hand/finger mannerisms | 32 | 9 | 1 | 40 | 2 | 0 | 6.22 | .013 |
| Other complex mannerisms | 38 | 4 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 4.20 | .116 |
* p < .01; ** p < .001
aFor analyses, ADI-R item scores of 1 and 2 were collapsed and the corresponding p value of Fisher’s Exact Test was reported if the expected cell count of at least one cell was less than 5